Philosophy And Methods For Data Collection Management Essay

Philosophy And Methods For Data order of battle Management EssayThis chapter looks at the inquiry methodological analysis and any limitations or potential problems in context to the searchers investigating of the lead styles and their effects in influencing war machine divers(prenominal) gumshoe perceptions, severaliseicipation and word meaning of condom channelize within the MOD. The relevant sub-sections testament specific anyy detail the selected strategy tender to in pursuit of resolves to the look questions and the way in which information was gathered, analysed and utilised, and depart furtherDiscuss the investigate strategy plan and considerationsExplain the reasons for the information intoxicateion methods adoptedPresent the framework for information analysis and the techniques chosen to achieve the question goals.Both Bryman and gong (2010) and Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009) provide clear direction and full accounting of the layers connected w ith look into strategy and design in terms relating to query philosophies, sexual climaxinges, strategies, methods, time horizons, technique and procedures. cipher 3-1 gives graphic authority of the Research Onion as positioned by Saunders et al. (2009, p. 108). For a questioner Saunders et al. (2009, p. 108) advocates that the philosophic system adopted is an important assumption ab appear the way the world is haveed, and exit underpin the investigate strategy and methods chosen. Saunders et al. (2009, p. 107) quantifies that The over-arching term research philosophy relates to the victimisation of acquaintance and the disposition of that knowledge. The research worker view for this translate is subjectivist, adopting an interpretivism philosophy unite with an inductive approach.Subjectivism is the interpreting of the meaning that individuals attach to radical life occurrences in context the researcher redes the kind interaction surrounded by diving supervisor s and subordinates relating to alimony and acceptance of diving guard (Saunders et. al. 2009, p. 111).Interpretivism is the appreciation of the differences among individuals as social players tell to this pass on be the researcher adopting an empathetic position to assume the group world of the research subjects to fully experience and appreciate their bandstand as far as he is able (Saunders et. al. 2009, p. 116).Inductive research approach (formulation of theory) adopting this approach allowed the researcher to gain a better arrest of people, and their attachment, in significant world seats, whilst providing a greater degree of tractability to allow changes to research emphasis as the jump progressed (Saunders et. al. 2009, p. 126).The objectives for this composition atomic number 18 set within the context of a troops high put on the line running(a) diving organisation and are looking toIdentify the leading style that best influences armed forces divers prevent ative perceptions, participation and acceptance of safety change.Explore the military divers concepts of safety leadership and their reason of the defence diving safety climate.Examine the attitudes and perceptions of military divers to the organisational and proficient safety changes, and the leadership of these changes.A key aspect of value to this research is the opportunity, as identified during the belles-lettres review, to bridge a gap in existing research to associate an effective leadership style, with improved safety education, participation and acceptance of change within a dynamic and assorted high risk defence military diving environment. The people of the build up forces are the key comp one and only(a)nt from leadership to subordinate, and the integration between the 2 will determine the success and achievement of the maritime fighting operational capability. The chosen research philosophy is proposed as effectively allowing the researcher to understand the socia l interaction between leadership and those they command, to gain an appreciation of the differences between individuals and the roles they perform, and to understand the values that individuals attach to safety events in the setting of a frontline operational FDG. This research is a conscious effort to assist the military command to analyse and develop safety leadership skills, and equally important, make grow and encourage others, whilst gaining an understanding of subordinates perception and perspective of the military diving safety climate.Figure 3-1. The Research Onion (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 108)3.2 Research StrategyIn the lick of framing a clear overall research plan imputable consideration has been given to the research project in terms of the objectives and research questions relative to the subprogram of this study.The research strategy choice is led by the research questions and objectives, the amount of existing knowledge, time constraints and the resources availabl e, supported by the researchers philosophical foundation (Saunders et. al. 2009, p. 141). This research involves serving military staff office within cardinal operational units in the organisational structure of the FDG. The research purpose is a operable investigation with the study emphasis looking at a military position in order to explain the association between effective leadership styles and subordinate participation, perception and acceptance of safety change within a safety foc mapping organisation.Within the context of this study, and linking the relevancy of the research methodology to the research project objectives and questions, the researcher justifies the selection of an informative national study strategy as the key research paradigm. A case study concentrating on the FDG as the organisation, and the three embed FDUs within as the sub-units, will provide an experiential investigation of present military diving safety leadership within its real life operationa l context exploitation septuple sources of evidence.The researcher has identified the following reasons for selecting the chosen strategy as the most appropriateThe emphasis is on studying a post or problem in order to explain the relationships between variables (changeable military operational diving environment), Saunders et al. (2009, p. 140) explains studies that pretend casual relationships between variables are termed explanatory research. Explanatory case studies centre on trying to find out explain why something happens.Biggam (2011, p. 118) cites Cohen and Manion (1995) who describe that the case study researcher typically observes the characteristics of an individual unit (single case study) or number of units (multiple case study) the purpose of such observation is to probe deeply and to analyse intensely the contrastive phenomena that constitute the life cycle of the unit or units. Saunders et al. (2009, p. 145) supports a case study strategy by citing Robson (20 02) who defines case study as a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a especial(a) present-day(a) phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence. Saunders et al. (2009, p. 146) advocates that the betrothal of a case study strategy will give a rich understanding of the context of the research, and the processes being enacted and the ability to generate answers to research questions that seek a range of different kinds of evidence. honest Review A University of Portsmouth Ethics Approval crap Students has been sinless at Appendix 1. Ethical implications hold been considered in terms of this research strategy and the key honorable issues affecting participants regarding safety, harm, embarrassment, stress, privacy consent, confidentiality have all been carefully covered and have been fully documented within that document. The Information Sheet and Consent Form at Appendix 3 were utilised, which clearly provides inf ormation regarding participant occasion and anonymity.3.3 Data CollectionTwo entropy hookup techniques that are normally use within research are decimal and qualitative. Bryman and Bell (2010, p. 26-27) outlines that quantifiable research is a strategy that emphasizes quantification in the put onion and analysis of data (numeric) whereas qualitative research is a strategy that accentuates words (non-numeric). Saunders et al. (2009, p. 151) gives further explanation in that the research data allurement technique chosen will be guided by the research questions, which if clearly formulated will effectively determine the method use to answer them.A military diving organisation, operating within a high risk interwoven environment, has many sources of data that piece of ass be drawn from to facilitate a better understanding of the people, and their attachment, in this real world situation. Focusing on the keywords to identify, explore and examine it was decided to use a mixed met hods approach which allows for different data collection techniques to establish an outcome from more than one angle (thereby offering a measure of triangulation). The emphasis for data meeting place concentrated on the use of questionnaires, and researcher participant observation to collect primary data from a sample source of fifty-three strength serving within the FDG units, giving a confidence level of 95% with a 1% margin of error. The rank range of the fifty-three personnel was CDR to AB RN rank hierarchy structure is presented at Figure 3-2. Secondary data was sourced from organisational documentation.Figure 3-2. RN Rank Hierarchy Structure.The literature search strategy was conducted via the University of Portsmouth Library intranet, using the databases Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Emerald, line of products Source Premier and Ebrary e-book reference library. The key search words used and combinations are detailed in Table 3-1. Google Scholar Advance was as well as u tilised using the same key words. The military Defence Intranet was used to source and review military reports, documents and publications. The researchers of the articles all come from reliable faculty member and professional backgrounds as research authors they have been attributed with academic articles in plausible publications on the topic and link up issues of leadership and management competency.Table 3-1. severalise Research Search WordsKey Search WordsleadersSafetyMilitaryPerceptionStyle(s)ClimateEffectiveIndicatorsCommitmentTransactionalTransformational educational activityOccupationalWorkplaceAcceptanceModelsHealth and Safety ExecutivecommercialOrganisationsPassiveParticipationChangeCriteria3.4 Framework for Data abbreviationBryman and Bell (2010, p. 571) kick up that one of the central complications with qualitative research is that it very readily generates a bulky, cumbersome database due to dependence on text in the form of field notes, interview transcripts, o r documents. The task of framing research data for analysis is a process of describing, analysing and interpreting the collected empirical data (Biggam, 2011, p. 113). Saunders et al. (2009, p. 490) put forward the use of qualitative analysis processes such as summarising (condensation), categorisation (grouping), and structuring (ordering) of meanings from collected data, and that all of these can be used in isolation or in combination to support interpretation of data. Saunders et al. (2009, p. 491) outlines that the procedures for analysing qualitative data can be highly structured, whereas others adopt a much lower level of structure. In contrast quantitative data analysis in the forms of graphs, charts and statistics allow for presentation, description and examination of data to establish trends (Saunders et al. 2009, p. 414).In support of an inductive research approach primary quantitative data was analysed using tabular and pie chart representation, and qualitative data by su mmarising and narrative thematic analysis. The data gathering process included the use of questionnaires to gather quantitative data and field notes were interpreted as part of the participant observations to gather qualitative data. Figure 3-3 presents the adopted quantitative and qualitative analysis process for this research project. As research developed related information and ideas were recorded by the use of interim summaries and self-memo as analytical aids.Figure 3-3. Data Analysis ProcessQuantitative and Qualitative Analysis ProcessCompare Findings (Literature Review)Collect DataAnalysis Process host Themes and IssuesPerform Analysis (Interpret what is happening3.5 Limitations and Potential ProblemsThe selection of a particular research strategy is determined as Saunders et al. (2009, p. 108) suggests by the researchers view of the nature of reality or being (ontology), the view regarding what constitutes acceptable knowledge (epistemology), and the view of the role of val ues in research (axiology).In terms of this research project the adopted philosophy is that of interpretivism comprehension of the differences between individuals as group players (Saunders et al. (2009, p. 119). To support this rationale and provide clarification, this research is focused on an investigation amongst individuals within an organisation and the importance of gaining a better understanding of the differences between the leadership and follower human factors and the roles that these differences play. The emphasis for the use of an inductive (formulation of theory) approach and the link with adopting an interpretivism philosophy is based on the following key aspectsThe research is value bound and the author is part of what is being researched and cannot be isolated and so will be subjective (Saunders et al. (2009, p. 119)The authors view regarding acceptable knowledge is subjective focusing on the details of the situation and the reality female genital organ these deta ils (Saunders et al. (2009, p. 119)Research emphasis is on mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) data collection from a small sample with a purpose of in-depth investigation to gain an impression of what is going on at the coalface, so as to understand better the nature of the situation.The Case Study is a research strategy that has been employed by researchers to tackle and offer an understanding of real-life issues crossways a broad range of study areas. Saunders et al. (2009, p. 146) suggest as a strategy the case study is considered apt in generating answers to Why?, What? and How? questions which as a strategy will be of particular importance for this safety research where the set is to gain a deep understanding of the situation and the procedures being performed (Saunders et al. 2009, p. 146).Contemplation of the rationale for this investigative project and the use of multiple method data collection and analysis techniques best fit the influences and aim of an investig ative research project into real-life safety leadership and management in context to a high reliability military organisation. Bryman and Bell (2010, p. 42) suggest that a research method is simply a technique for ingathering data, and an essential criterion for business research is that the study is reliable (dependable), can be replicated (confirmability), and is valid (credible), therefore it is vital to ensure that data collection and analysis is relevant to ensure the study is focused and concise. The time-frame associated with this research project will only permit a snapshot to be taken at a particular time and as suggested by Saunders et al. (2009, p. 155) a cross-sectional time horizon best suits academic research projects of this type. status of the short time frame and small sample group key to this research projects success is therefore centred in the selection of multiple research methods with focus on empirical data collection from questionnaires and participative ob servation techniques to collect primary data, supported by secondary data collection from organisational documentation. enforce of a mixed methods approach can yield better prospects to answer the research questions and evaluate the extent to which findings may be trusted and inferences do (Saunders et. al. 2009, p. 160).Saunders et. al. (2009, p. 156) discuss the credibility of research findings with reference to reliability (that data collection and analysis produce accordant results) and validity (that results are actually somewhat what they seem to be about). The selected research approach is considered to provide reliability the researcher was mindful of the threats such as participant and observer error and bias, which could present threats to reliability. In an effort to combat participant prejudices and inaccuracy anonymity was maintained throughout, and questionnaires were completed at a selected time that as far as doable prevented external influence. To mitigate agai nst observer partialities and mistakes accurate field notes where maintained during observations, and embedded periods where spent with each FDG unit to gain a real smack of the situation, recording actual events as they occurred rather than relying on memory. The researcher has delivered consistent and valid research which has investigated safety leadership and the concepts and perception of military divers as set out within this chapter in the context of real military missions and rehearsals where their has been risk of equipment failure, individual error and environment issues at all times.