'Describe the different forms of disguise and deception that feature in Shakespeare’s ‘Twelfth Night’\r'

'For this essay I sh only try and describe the different forms of block break and trickery which appear in ‘ twelfth Night. The elements of both cloak and deception atomic number 18 both really important to the tackle, they produce confusion between the characters which add to the droll tones of the play. The main thought that we, the reader conceptualize of would be genus genus Violas physical disguise as a male ‘Cesario which is one of the primeval p green goddesss that contri simplye to the comedy of the play. The thought of a male dressing up as a female (and vice versa) is increadibly funny to us today.\r\nThis would cultivate e redundantly come up on a stage, where the full encroachment of seeing someone trying to hoard up the characteristics of the opposite sex activity would hit the auditory modality. Yet, because in Shakespe ars day, the female parts were played by boy actors, the original Elizabethan sense of hearing would have found a specia l sophistication in the part of Viola †which would have been a boy, dressing up as a woman, who in the play dresses up as a man. As puzzling as it whitethorn bet, it does modify the audience to understand more than of the mooring when either Olivia or Orsino are on stage.\r\nIt is also these situations which cause a lot of disruption and confusion which make up the plot. In ‘ 12th Night disguise and deception are the key feature in the more comical scenes. A vertical example of this is the humiliation of Malvolio, who is unknowingly decieved into mentation that Olivia is in revel with him by Maria, Sir toby and Sir Andrew Aguecheek. The audience would have found this hilarious in Shakespeares day because Malvolio embodied all the attributes of a solem strict puritan, which the fun harming Elizabethan audience hated.\r\nThere is no real sympathy felt for Malvolio at all in the play because of this, and the audience would have seen the mistreatment of Malvolio as t heir own avenging for how the puritans controlled their lives. Malvolio is further humiliated a hardly a(prenominal) scenes later when Feste (The Clown) dresses up as Sir Topaz, the Curate, and taunts the Emotionaly numb(p) and locked up Malvolio. Whilst Malvolio was a full-strength(p) come across for deception, another good example would be Sir Andrew Aguecheek who is tricked both into also believing that he as well has a outlook with Olivia and also Being tricked into a affaire dhonneur with ‘Cesario by Sir Toby.\r\n besides when Sebastian comes on the scene, he is fictive for ‘Cesario by Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, and irrelevant ‘Cesario, Sebastian wasnt afraid to def residuum him ego, and Sir Tobys plan backfires. epoch it is easy just to think of how phsyical disguises misguide a persons perception, some of the characters in ‘ twelfth part Night are deceived about their true natures. Violas disguise as a male ‘Cesario enables her to work u ndetected in Duke Orsinos Court as his messenger. ‘Cesario is drawn into a love trigon and falls in love with Orsinio, before long enough is somehow happy to ‘Woo Lady Olivia for him regardless of his/her feelings.\r\nHowever, the play gets even more confusing when Olivia Falls in love with ‘Cesario and begins to actively persue him. Although the possibility that Olivia may be in love with a woman is more upsetting to the tradtional structure. While Shakespeares audience pardon it as a case of mistaken identity, a modern audience may think it might have been something more. Olivias drawing card lies in the more feminine qualities of ‘Cesario homogeneous his ‘Angry lip or ‘Beautiful Scorn. This creates a debate among modern audiences of whether Olivia suspected or maybe even knew ‘Cesarios true gender, further chose to love him/her anyway.\r\nHere Shakespeare is challenging the placement quo as this challenges the traditonal contri bution of the male macrocosm dominant in solicitship and shows Olivia obtaining the role of ‘The Woo-er. As a result of this, Viola is unable to express her love for Orsino †for reverence of rejection and therefore she is now trapped in a web of deception. Alternitively Violas Disguise as ‘Cesario was necessary for her survival to pass undetected in Duke Orsinos court. Another example of a character using disguise as a means for survival is Antonio, who is in hiding from his enemy Duke Orsino and risks his life by helping Sebastian.\r\nSome Characters in ‘Twelfth Night are deceived about their true natures. A good example of this is how Olivia adopts the pretence of melancholy for her brother and fathers death. Although the audience is unsure whether this is in reality a pretence because losing close family members is in truth traumatic, however Olivia takes this trauma to the extreme and vows that she testament mourn for seven years and for that durati on no one shall see her face. Alternitively, Her feelings may be a pretence that she feels that mourning for that amount of time is the ‘noble thing to do, or its what is expected of her.\r\nOlivias true senses and intentions are masked behind a pretence, outer appearence or attitude. These same feelings, however are curtly discarded when she meets ‘Cesario. This kind of extreme emotion links very closely to how the Duke Orsino deludes himself that he is in love with Olivia. In the commencement scene we are introduced to his feelings about Olivia when he is listening to music in his court ‘If music be the food of love,play on- set in me excess of it however his mood soon changes and he makes the music stop.\r\nThis shows a very fickle side to the Duke and also mirrors how at the end of the play his feelings for Olvivia turn into a murderous rage ‘Ill sacrafice the lamb that I do love, To spite a ravens liveliness within a dove. ‘ We believe Orsin os deception of his true nature lies in his ‘self love and he is actually in love with the thought of being in love, or else than for seeking a relationship. Another good example of a character deceiving their true nature is when Malvolio is duped into the role of Olivias suitor and changes from his gray-haired puritanical self into a buoyant ‘courtier.\r\nHe changes both his appearence and attitude because he thinks he is doing so for Olivia and even Malvolios xanthous stockings and cross garters are a masquerade. The striking convention of disguise creates uncertainties of the meaning and emotions throughout the play. A good example would be the lovers in ‘Twelfth Night who create ii purposes. They firstly create humourous misunderstandings, but also challenge us as an audience into what we see in appearences, gender roles and ‘platonic same sex feelings.\r\nWith male actors play the female parts in the play, the root of having a stable identitiy, m ay seem as misleading as disguises. However these disguised characters provide a wider implication by giving us a deeper meaning to ponder about what our beliefs and others are actually based upon. The play brings out the true natures of Olivia, Orsino and Malvolio to the surface. However, it is only Malvolio at the end who still seems unsure to recognise himself as he is blinded by his overwhelm pride and self- righteousness.\r\n'

'Writing the Memo\r'

'WRITING AN OFFICE memorandum If you work as a para statutory or effectual philosophy clerk aft(prenominal) your kickoff or stake course of instruction of law school, you lead most potential spend some of your time researching and musical com slip objective memoranda, or interoffice memos. Typic in eithery, an attorney asks you to bear a realistic analysis of the law as it applies to the facts of a invitee’s case. The purpose is to inform †not persuade. Although you should look on which conclusion favors your customer, besides keep in mind that you leave behind represent the leaf node most effectively by macrocosm objective and realistic.The memo might be ascertain many an(prenominal) times †possibly, oer a period of months or eld by some(prenominal) different attorneys, including the economizer, who may do it as a pick long after it is drafted. The attorney tryoutament employ the teaching contained in the memo to advise the clien t and may use it to prepargon a document that forget ultimately be filed in court. For example, a subdivisionner may be intercommunicate you whether a fractionicular client has a valid licit claim. If you conclude that the rejoinder is â€Å"yes,” consequently this testament probably offer into a lawsuit. At that point, some split of the memo may be incarnate when the complaint is drafted.The memo might me consulted a third time when the attorney responds to a motion to dismiss; a tail time while drafting interrogatories; a fifth time earlier qualification a motion for thick astuteness; a sixth time before trial; and a seventh during an good luck charm; and so on. PARTS OF MEMO[1] 1. A account heading 2. The Issue (sometimes c completelyed move Presented) enounces the marvel(s) that the inventory resolves. The Issue also itemizes the few facts that you look for to be crucial to the answer. (Such as give fashion expenses to out-of-state, keeping child out of danger, and bang of crime).The proofreader should understand the question without having to stir to the facts. 3. Brief resolve (sometimes c entirelyed Conclusion) states the penr’s farsightedness and summarizes tersely why it is turn overming to happen. Some writers begin with a groom response such(prenominal) as â€Å"yes” or â€Å"probably not. ” Our book says that they do not p relate this. Sometimes this is client or partner driven. Also, some questions lend themselves to answers such as â€Å"yes” or â€Å"no. ” Allusion to epitope facts and runs. Do not omit advert facts. Begin by just re-stating your out as a declarative sentence. Do not omit the reasoning.Do not acknowledge citation to indorsement or act of germane(predicate) law. Many attorneys only read this part. 4. Facts lay out out the facts on which the prediction is based. 5. watchword is the largest and most complex part of memo. It proves the conclusion set out in brief answer. If the discussion is highly detailed or analyzes several electrical outlets, it should be disturbed down into subheadings. Here is what the memo leave al wizard look like and more information on each section. MEMORANDUM TO: ranking(prenominal) Partner [ please city block-indent so that the information lines up, as demonstrated] FROM:Your Name DATE:(date assignment is submitted)RE:(A concise label for the issue considered: mention the parties; your devoted volition file your Memo by names and cause of actionâ€and, perhaps, by jurisdiction) The fascinate format is always double-space. Do not double-double space between sections. line of business old, regular double-space is qualified. FACTS Here, recite all material facts, unremarkably in chronological order. A â€Å"material” fact is a â€Å"dispositive” fact, or one upon which the outcome will depend. It is a fact that will bushel the outcome in one way or an different. Please accommodate all material procedural facts as swell as all material substantive facts.This means that it is essential to include all relevant times, dates, and places. You should begin with an â€Å" all overview” sentence that sets the luxuriant context and begins to describe the problem presented. Please review your reading and as many samples as possible to understand twain the range and scope of what is acceptable as professional practice. Remember your role rest for the tendency to try to â€Å"prove” something by the way you tell the story. NO reasoned ANALYSIS! 1) USE NEUTRAL actors line AND OBJECTIVE CHARACTERIZATIONS. Rather than makeup â€Å"the D was speeding through the school zone,” write â€Å"the D was traveling 50 mph through the school zone. Rather than musical composition â€Å"The D brutally beat the victim,” write â€Å"The D struck the P on the head, resulting in a cut over his left eye. ” 2) Include un affirmatory and favorable facts. QUESTION PRESENTED Phrased as a question and ending with a question mark, state the specific issue or issues you will address. One method is to use the technique: under? (describe the law); does? (state the issue); what? (give the lawfully relevant or â€Å"dispositive” facts). Some memoranda use the usually experiencen movement of: â€Å"Whether . . . .” As always, discuss with your prof to see which he or she prefers.But some(prenominal) the method, the dramatiseing advice applies: • Should be concise individual sentences that include relevant facts and general propositions of law. • wear upon’t say, â€Å"Whether a niece bed find oneself for absorbed chafe of emotional distress,” when you can say, â€Å"Whether, under Iowa law, a niece who noticees the aftermath of an cable car accident involving her uncle from a block onward can discover for negligent annoyance of emotional distress when she observes h is severe injuries upon str etc. at the scene. ” BRIEF ANSWER You phrased (or asked) a question in the section above. event it here: â€Å"Yes. ” â€Å"No. â€Å"Probably not. ” utilization a period. Your Brief Answer follows the aforesaid(prenominal) formula and sequence as your Question Presented. It answers the questions â€Å"under? does? what? ” except, the Brief Answer should include a brief statement of your reasons commencement-class honours degree with the word â€Å"because. ” DISCUSSION The heart of a Memorandum, this section asks you to go the law and explain the facts. Getting it â€Å"right” will reach time. Be patient. Your goal is to â€Å"synthesize” the cases and attract a familiar rule of law. To do this, you will need to identify the common elements that allow you to analyze and discuss several cases at once.A common mistake, sound writers very ofttimestimes engage in â€Å"listing demeanour. † They embrace each case independently and sequentially, counterbalance each split up with â€Å"In”â€for example, â€Å"In Callow v. Thomas” or â€Å"In Brown v. Brown. ” Looking down a write page, the lawyer will see a ladder-like effect, the â€Å"in-ladder,” where each succeeding split begins with the word â€Å"in” followed by a case title. Often â€Å"listing behavior” culminates in â€Å"dump-trucking” when the lawyer saves up and â€Å" dispose” all the legal analysis into the weather carve up.In addition, lawyers will frequently â€Å"front-load,” squeezing all the legal rules of law into the very prototypal divide. To avoid these pitfalls, begin your discussion with a general overview in a thesis or â€Å"roadmap” paragraph. Your thesis paragraph is the commencement paragraph in the Memorandum †and the first paragraph in a questionion section. Always begin your thesis paragraph with a sentence to anticipateâ€and prefigureâ€your ultimate conclusion. Tell the reader where you ar headed and be a tour-guide to your business or analysis. Then, taking one point at a time, write a thesis sentence that answers the questions of â€Å"what-is-your-point? of this fussy paragraph. Next, set onwards the legal Rule that applies. Include the proper citation. Next, Analyze (explain) what the law or legal rule means. Next, Analyze (explain) how the relevant facts buy the farm (or do not fit) the legal or factual standard. Finally, Conclude each paragraph with a summarizing statement and each sub-issue with a specific sub-issue summary. Sometimes, this method is referred to as a variation of the acronym: IRAC. Other legal writing professors have some other acronym such as REAAC or FIRAC. Still, others simply refer to it as the 5-step process. Keep in ind that these ar all â€Å"formulas” that legal writing professionals are using to introduce you to presen ting a legal argument. Ultimately, you will use a style or formula that works topper for your exceptional argument. But virtually all aspect of every legal argument must contain a 1) argument of Rule or Applicable righteousness; 2) Analysis of the law and how it Applies to your relevant facts; and 3) a Conclusion on each of these sub-issues. Similarly, when a discussion requires several paragraphs, the writer may not reproduce the exact IRAC anatomical structure within each and every paragraph, except may require several paragraphs to develop fully the full set.As always, know your audience and talk intimately the method of legal analysis that your professor, or in the future, your employer, prefers. And immortalise that learning how to synthesize statutes, cases, and secondary sources and then presenting them in a clear, concise, and logical air takes time and practice. A FEW IDEAS almost WRITING †MEMORANDA[2] Many students, approaching memo writing for the first ti me, are lots uncertain(p) of how to proceed. We have put together a few tips for first (and second and third) time memo writers that we hope will be helpful.Note: No single set of guidelines could possibly address all the matters think to memo writing. If you have questions about a special assignment, be sure to regress with your professor. 1. Find the test(s). In assigning a memorandum, professors are generally evaluating you on parsing a particular statute or test. In other words, they want you to use other cases to explain how your case either does or does not satisfy a test laid out in a case or a statute. For example, let’s say your case involves a niece (bloody shame) who witnessed her uncle (Jack) being injured in an automobile accident.Mary wants to bring suit for negligent infliction of emotional distress as a result of witnessing that accident. In Burger v. McDonald, the Supreme courtroom of Iowa laid out a triplet part test to determine whether a bystanderâ⠂¬â„¢s injury was reasonably foreseeable and, thus, legally actionable: 1. Whether the bystander was located shape up the accident. 2. Whether the injury resulted from sensory and contemporaneous card of the accident, as opposed to hearing about it from others after its occurrence. 3. Whether the bystander and the victim were closely related.NOTE: If the memo involves more than one issue, your memorandum may involve more than one test. 2. phthisis the test as your outline. Tests come in two separate, or three (as above), often with subsections. Ideal for an outline. Use the major parts of the test as your major points, the subparts as sub-sections. Paragraph Structure 3. Begin paragraphs with assentient propositions that parallel the test. In the above example, your first sentence should say something like: â€Å"Mary was located snug the scene of her uncle’s accident, satisfying the first part of the Burger test. ” 4.Support your approving propositions. All pro positions of a legal genius must have legal support. Where is your business office for your proposition? Cite it. For example: â€Å" count Burger, 606 N. W. 2d at 321 (bystander must be located near accident to recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress). ” 5. wrangle the facts of your support. What happened in the case you just cited? let off in a concise and relevant way. For example: â€Å"In Burger, the court held that a mother who witnessed an accident on the alley from the front door of her house was located near the scene of an accident. 6. Discuss the relevant facts of your case. Point to the facts that are similar to the facts of the government agency you’ve just discussed. For example, you could continue from above as follows: â€Å"Mary was standing a block from the accident, heard the crash, and saw her uncle being pulled, bleeding, from the car. ” 7. compare/Conclude. What conclusions do you think the court will draw from the si milarity between your facts and the facts of your authority? For example: â€Å"Although Mary did not see the accident, she was close enough to hear it and witness her uncle being pulled from the car.Thus, a court will likely conclude that she was located near the accident. ” Alternative Paragraph Structure 8. Discuss other relevant authority. Once you’ve candid the previous paragraph with your affirmative proposition, your posterior paragraphs can discuss the facts of other relevant cases without repeating the proposition as your root sentence. For example, you could begin the nigh paragraph: â€Å"In Cameron v. Jones, the Court of Appeals held that a mother who was twenty-five feet away from her child when she heard a metal sculpture fall on him was located near the scene of the accident. 9.Discuss obstinate authority. Are there cases that go against your position (or the position the partner/judge/etc. would like you to hold)? Another subsequent paragraph cou ld open with: â€Å"But, in Alfred v. Stern, the court held that a father did not have a valid cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional distress. ” Then follow steps 5, 6, and 7, above, except this time, when concluding, tell the reader why the court won’t follow or give much weight to this contrary authority (e. g. , the facts are different). 10. Move on to the next part of the test. Follow steps 3-9 above for the next section of your test.Remember, a memorandum also includes issues presented, a brief answer (which usually follows the issues presented), and a statement of facts. These are often best written after you’ve written the body of the memorandum, since you’ll have a smash idea of the issues once you’ve tackled the problem (though a tentative draft might help to get you started). Here is a checklist for those canonical sections of an office memorandum: Heading 1. excite you include the name of the requesting attorney (or pr ofessor), your name, the date, the client’s name, and a phrase identifying the particular legal matter or issue?Facts 2. birth you included all legally hearty facts? 3. beat you included sufficient factual context? 4. prolong you included any major emotional facts? 5. cod you avoided including discussion of legal authority? 6. require you avoided â€Å"arguing” the facts or drawing legal conclusions? 7. Have you identified the client and the client’s situation at the beginning of the Fact Statement? 8. Have you selected an appropriate organization (chronological, topical) for the facts? 9. Have you kept up(p) neutral language and objective characterizations? 10.Have you included two favorable and unfavorable facts? Question Presented 11. Have you stated the legal question and the significant facts? 12. Have you edited to achieve one readable sentence? 13. Have you maintained an objective perspective? Brief Answer 14. Have you stated the answer in the fi rst several words? 15. Have you included a statement of the rule? 16. Have you stated a summary of the reasoning leading to the answer? 17. Have you kept the BA to a maximum of one-third to one-half a double-spaced page? 18. Have you taken a position, even if you are not sure? ———————†1] Be sure to keep in mind that an office memo is an inbred document for law firms; therefore, each particular firm is likely to have a pet format. For example, the firm may use different words for different sections title, may order sections differently than described here, or it may include other sections not described in this manual. If your reader (whether it be your professor or your employer) has a preferred format, obviously use it. If you are not sure if your reader has a particular preference, then ask! [2] Many of these tips were primarily created by Writing Resource Center, University of Iowa College of Law.\r\n'

'Nursing Shortage\r'

' 6 years prior to the publication of Spetz and given(p), reports of the US media indicate a paucity of registered treasures (RNs) in the US. In that article too, forecasts see the doggedness of this trend, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as that of the Bureau of wellness Professions projecting a paucity of 800,000 take ups by 2020. However, Buerhaus et. al. suggests that the breast feeding dearth may in truth be satiated, with hospital RNs’ c in alling and meshing â€Å"increasing sharply in 2002.” No matter how we visualize at it, whether or non the shortage is easing, the problem of shortage is at that place. The uncertainty now is, what ca expends the shortage of registered hold dears?\r\nSpetz and Given discusses four reasons that account for the shortage of registered defys, frontmost of which atomic minute 18 licensure delays. Since World War II, c be for shortages engender occurred cyclically, and this led to the birth of studie s regarding push back markets. They (Spetz and Given) found most of these studies agreeing on the layover that â€Å"the delay between plenty’s choice of the breast feeding craft and the sentence they atomic number 18 licensed as absorbs is a central reason for these re true shortages.”\r\n forgetful operative conditions alike account for the shortage of RNs, and this implys wage and benefits in general. Not lots was mentioned by Spetz and given, but they have cited that these be â€Å"a primary cause of breast feeding shortage.” Aiken et.al. gives a to a greater extent than detailed explanation, stating that nurses cast off an â€Å"inordinate amount of term in nonbreast feeding tasks” resulting from â€Å"poor cipher fig, underinvestment in reading and other nurse-saving technologies.” They further add that is associated with extravagantly levels of nurse burnout and dis pleasure.\r\nThe third reason for the treat shortage i s comprised of reward and subscribe to. Spetz and Given maintains that â€Å" use up for RNs should decline as RNs’ wages step-up during a shortage,” and they have seen evidences showing that wages do touch demand. However, there are reasons for demand to be non antiphonal in today’s excavate market. Two of these reasons are the reluctance of health disturbance institutions to reduce staffing, and the growing number of RN Unions that trust to maintain, if not to expand, the current staffing levels.\r\nAnother scenario relating to the issue of wages and demand is seen in Aiken et.al., where it was mentioned that â€Å"the Filipinos is the leading primary parentage country for nurses internationally by design and with the support of the governing personate.” A motivator for Philippine nurses to migrate to other countries is risqueer wages, which stacknot be earned in the local setting. This may account for the shortage that the country itsel f was experiencing, as Aiken et.al. found that â€Å"there are to a greater extent than 30,000 unfilled nursing positions in the Philippines.” finishing of the causes of the nursing shortage, as discussed by Spetz and Given, are exits from the RN manpower. consort to them, the magnitude of retirements poses the question of whether it is accomplishable to raise the number of sassy RNs to meet future demands.\r\nOne dissolver to the nursing shortage, and maybe the most hot today, is to recruit opposed nurses. Spetz and Given enumerate this to be only a short-run option as it is expensive and the WHO reports majority of the countries experiencing nurse shortages, thereby putting a pressure on hospitals to limit foreign recruitment. Buerhaus et. al. goes uttermostther to discuss other issues relating to the employment of foreign RNs to meet US health care demands. They cite impediments such as â€Å" interchangeablely negative mend on wages,” â€Å"quality of care,” and foreign policy.\r\nAnother rootage suggested by Buerhaus et. al. is to retain older RNs. In redact to do this, facilities of health care systems should be designed so as to minimize strong-arm strain. accord to them, â€Å" mend schedules ( formulate fewer hours), developing new roles (becoming mentors to jr. RNs), and offer economic incentives fuck servicing to retain older RNs.”\r\nBut among the trio broad types of policy responses that Buerhaus et.al. suggested, I bring forth increasing the f petty(a) of RNs in the workforce to be the most responsive, because that is exactly called for by the situation. This discharge be done each privately or by the government through raising property to increase faculty salaries and scholarship grants, and expand the physical learning space of nursing students.\r\n works CITED:\r\nAiken, Linda, Buchan, James, Sochalski, Julie, Nichols, Barbara, and Mary Powell. â€Å"Trends in International book Mig rati on.” health affairs 23.3 (2004): 69-77. 25 November 2008, http:// satiate.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/23/3/69?maxtoshow=& deoxyadenosine monophosphate;HITS=60&hits=60&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=nursing+shortage&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT\r\nBuerhaus, Peter, Staiger, Douglas, and David Auerback. â€Å"Is The Current shortage of Hospital deems Ending?” Health Affairs 22.6 (2003): 191-198. 25 November 2008, http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/6/191\r\nSpetz, Joanne, and Ruth Given. â€Å"The Future of the Nurse Shortage: Will Wage Increases besotted the Gap?” Health Affairs 22.6 (2003): 199-206. 25 November 2008, http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/22/6/199\r\n nurse Shortage\r\nThis paper aims at analyzing the consequences of understaffing nurses. Some of the conclusions I observed this semester are nurse burnout and dissatisfaction that arise ascribable t o nurse shortage. The focus of this context is on the socio-economic impact in the nursing field, ethical bias, efficaciousity of the matter and psychological interference that have adverse impact to the nurses, forbearings, clinical running(a) field and the nursing arena. In this paper, I will look at round of the problems associated with the nursing profession.\r\n suckS WORKING AND CONDITIONS\r\nThese are stipulations and circumstances, which elevate persistence and commitment to work well as a nurse, with all due satisfaction and dignity for tender-hearted support, for conk out supply of work force toward a proper checkup care to the patients.\r\nNURSE BURNOUT\r\nThis is a character associated with nurses when they bring about psychologically or emotionally exhausted to take to heart the patients. This is because of cosmos overworked, exploited, due to fatigue or due to dissatisfaction in their field of work.\r\n insane asylum\r\nIn give to curtail on the trauma o f nurse shortage, I would like to say that nurses’ shortage only creates or so awareness that patients are at risk of substandard health care and the working nurses are being overworked. This is because in this semester, I have observed that small nurse/patient ratio does not control for separate patients’ outcomes and assurances of proper health services. When nurses become physically exhausted due to being overworked, they dropnot perform their duty efficiently.\r\n nursing is a professional course and a course that consider to be addressed from all perspectives, to advocate proper working conditions for the nurses in nightclub to have a uttermost job output for the wellbeing of the patients.\r\n executive director DISCUSSION\r\nActually, overworking nurses by allowing them to work for long hours and overtime makes nurses to be convincible to making prescription errors. This is highly hypertrophied when the salary income does not correspond with the wor k nurses do.\r\nHowever, if these errors occur, it is contrally to the nurses’ professional ethics, it is illegal to prescribe a wrong dosage to a patient and again there is abuse of human rights in that the patient laughingstock underpin psychological torture if he realizes that he was specified a bad prescription. This is what raises the legal issue of nurses. Because of such mistakes, nurses are obligate to spend too much money in hiring private legalityyers or insuring themselves against such bias. Beside legal issues, wrong prescriptions of medicines leads to wastage of medicines that could be employ by another patient in effect(p)ly, whence wastage resources since medicines are among the most expensive items.\r\nAdditionally, prostitute prescription of drugs can lead to mischief of life, retardation or other body malfunction. This can cause more harm to the Nation by losing individuals. If overall set up of such errors were analyzed, the conclusion would be wastage of time when prescribing wrong dosage, wastage of resources and drugs, loss of human labor and abuse of human rights. Therefore, there would be bleach of law, socio-economic impact and denial of unhazardous health care. Eventually, this would be a corking loss to the nation and the impact is matt-up in the near future.\r\nTherefore, means of resoluteness the above problems bespeak to be realized. I think labor motivations, recruitment of more nurses and retention of the registered nurses should be encour older in order to maintain successful consignment of nurses to their nation as they work swimmingly without strain. Understanding of the staffs’ requirements and avoidance of understaffing in this vault of heaven is of paramount importance.\r\nAccording to the article on â€Å"Allied Health Source and ProQuest Nursing”, the executive summary is that nurses are not satisfied in their career. Due to this outcome, somewhat of the repercussions are that phy sically exhausted nurses do prescribe wrong dosage to patients or they may prescribe right drug but misguide patients on how to use the drugs.\r\nAnother outcome is that most nurses are leaving the nursing profession and unfinished nurses are not will to sum of money the sector. Low level of job satisfaction is the main reason as to why most nurses are migrating to other handle of employments. This again leads to understaffing of hospitals leading to high finis rate, visitation to go away gum elastic and effective care to the patients. Eventually this results to visitation to rescue the patients from undesired death especially in the surgical department where the patients are not rescued.\r\nFrom the same article on nurse staffing and hospital outcomes (Linda H. and Julie S.),it is found that the dissatisfaction is caused by law salary income, poor working conditions such as non whippy hours of work that do not give married nurses time to look after their siblings. Another finding is that starting line salary or wages do not increase with the prolonged boundary of work, therefore, there is successive exploitation to the nurses.\r\nAccording to the article on â€Å"Allied Health Source and ProQuest Nursing”, work conditions that strickle the outcomes of nurses involve lack of labor motivations such as baby boomer packages, failure to provide flexible working hours for the nurses, failure for the government to provide scholarship to nurses who want to advance their knowledge on this career.\r\nAccording to the same article by Linda H. and Sean P. pg 4, nurse burnout is the main consequence of overworking staffs and it can lead to more outcomes. Actually, patients/nurses ratios that are more constructive result to lower nurse burnout and high job satisfaction among the registered nurses. Understaffing nurses can extremely influence patients’ outcomes.\r\nWorking conditions that affect the outcome of nurses hold poor working conditions s uch as understaffing that leads to overworking the nurses without paying them their due overtime. (Agency for Healthcare Research and timber (AHRQ) < www.ahrq.gov>\r\nAnother condition that affects nursing profession is failure by the health ministry to provide encouraging packages to the nurses and other benefits. These benefits involve big nurses flexible working hours such that they can concentrate on their family matters or providing nursing homes for their children and care.\r\nOther cistrons include lack of offering unthaw seminar services to the nurses in order to update and sensitize them on the need and benefits to be a nurse and to encourage those leaving the sector to rejoin it. deprivation of recognizing their efforts and contributions to this sector is another issue that does not address their working conditions. Nurses must also be insured in order to safeguard their wellbeing and protection in their line of duty. Finally, lack of labor motivations to the n urses such as gifts, prizes and awards to the best performing nurses is something that derails their esprit de corps and dedications to be a nurse and can lead to nurse burnout.\r\nIn this semester, I have also observation that there is high nurses work overload and low technology application. Therefore, there is need to excuse death rate and increase retention of staffs (nurses) in hospitals. More number of nurses to patients’ ratio can lead to a better patient outcome. Therefore, work force balance for the nurses is maintained in order to upgrade proper working conditions for the nurses.\r\nPERSONAL dwell\r\nMy experience with the nursing profession tells me that nursing career is not an easy profession the way most people perceive. It require a call to be utilize in this service. Note that nursing involves taking care mostly to sick people from casualties to labor ward and mostly taint is a loaming threats to the nurses. Therefore, the nurse should have a maternal fe eling and concern of the high level in order to safe lives strictly obeying the code of ethics.\r\nPROPOSAL FOR fanciful SOLUTIONS\r\n largely labor motivation is the main tool to fight decrease of nurses from nursing sector. These will include providing nurses with proper and flexible working hours or services that are more rewarding. Another way is by means of helping them to solve family matters or factors that lead to their failures to work comfortably. These include if possible giving nurses services of caring for their children, the aged or by providing nursing homes to them with free or minor charges.\r\nAnother origin is to offer aided scholarship to those nurses willing to advance their career especially in areas where more nurses are needed e.g. in gerontology and provision of geriatric clinicians. Again, nurses should be hired or employed from incompatible regions ir regardive of ethnicity and racial segregation. Application of a la mode(p) technologies in nursing sect or and outsourcing can be try to improve working conditions in this sector.\r\nSome of the proposals that address outcomes for the nurses are varied to improve the outcomes for the patients. Understaffing of nurses indirectly affects the outcome of the patients. Therefore, proposals for outcomes of the nurses are determining factors to improve the outcomes of the patients.  Mostly labor motivation is the main factor to fight decrease of nurses from nursing sector and this can improve the outcomes of the patients. These will include providing nurses with proper and flexible working hours or services that are more rewarding.\r\nBy allowing nurses to work comfortably, nurse burnout can be avoided, hence patients can be accompanied with all due care because nurses wont be exhausted. Patients should be allowed to interact freely with the nurses to air their problems and complications. Again, patients should accorded all due respect in their treatment and assured of life continuatio n through proper medical care. Application of latest technologies in nursing sector and outsourcing can be tried to improve working conditions in this sector.\r\n closure\r\nSome of the problems associated with the nursing profession include poor working conditions that have effectuate to both the nurses, patients and the nursing sector at large. After analyzing these problems, I have indomitable to draw a conclusion that productive solutions and labor motivations are the major factors that need to be addressed in order to safe the situation as far as nursing career is concerned.\r\n bring up:\r\nBurnout, staffing and outcomes of nurses, retrieved on 7TH NOVEMBER 2007, getable at www.ahrq.gov\r\nDohm A, â€Å"Gauging the Work Force Effects of preceding(a) Baby-Boomers,” Monthly Labor Analysis (July 2000):17-25\r\n content union for Nursing, retrieved on 7TH NOVEMBER 2007, available at www.discovernursing.com \r\nStrategies to repeal the New Nursing scarcity, retrieved on 7TH NOVEMBER 2007, available at www.aacn.nche.edu\r\n \r\n \r\n'

'Siemens Bribery Case\r'

'Ian Collins Survey of Global vexation Professor Portillo BSAD 113W 18 February 2013 Assignment #3: sec Bribery Scandal in advance 1999 the intent of graft in Germany was non vile and could be deducted as a worry expense in a come with’s taxes. This allowed companies like due south to gain the velocity hand and deal an unfair advantage over their aspiration in acquiring barter deals vertical about the world. Then when the honor changed, randomness noneffervescent utilized bribery, and employed bribery tactical manoeuvre in other countries where it was also illegal.In this contingency study I’m personnel casualty to analyze the rationale and high levels of dejectness that transpired in the Siemens bribery scandalization and utilize the Organization for Economic Cooperation and suppuration’s (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises to illustrate the disconfirming impact of bribery. Siemens work of bribery initially could have been cleanified by the fact that German laws allowed it and was non illegal until 1999; the issue was that Siemens continued to use bribery even after the law had changed.Corruption was deeply embedded in the business culture. Siemens transferred money into Swiss coast accounts to avoid detection and thus chartered contractors to set up the bribes. These actions were standard operating(a) procedures for corporate executives who viewed bribery as a business strategy. Senior executives even make certain individuals that were directly in lade of the bribery funds sign shape forms stating they had not engaged in that manikin of activity, bribes were referred to as ‘useful’ money.The punishment Siemens faced involved paying fines totaling $2. 6 billion. In the Organization for Economic Cooperation and increment (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, which sets voluntary principles and standards for business conduct, understandably outlines the negative aspects that comes from bribery. â€Å"Bribery and corruption are damaging to democratic institutions and the governance of corporations. They reprove investment and distort international war-ridden conditions.In particular, the diversion of funds through corrupt practices undermines attempts by citizens to achieve higher levels of economic, kindly and environmental welfare, and it impedes efforts to reduce poverty. Enterprises have an all-important(prenominal) role to play in combating these practices. ” In defense of the Siemens employees, many of them just believed that was how business was done and had the best interests of the association at heart. It was about keeping the business alive and not jeopardizing thousands of jobs,” if this indicates the intention of the employees then the act is more justifiable than just doing the action out of greed. Siemens is a company that allowed greed to cloud their perceptiveness to use bribery to gain the upper hand, as well as not evolving with the changing laws. You can only job as to the real thought fulfill behind the choice to engage in bribery, whether it was done knowingly to gain an unfair advantage or sincerely to cheer the jobs of many employees, the action was still committed.A company needs to be aware of the laws, regulations and what is considered satisfactory business conduct of the other countries it chooses to do business with and not violate them, including the use of bribery. ——————————————†[ 1 ]. http://lilymayunjue. blogspot. com/2012/06/summary-of-siemens-bribery. html [ 2 ]. http://www. nytimes. com/2008/12/16/business/worldbusiness/16siemens. html? _r=0 [ 3 ]. http://www. oecd. org/daf/inv/mne/48004323. pdf [ 4 ]. Article: Siemens Bribery Scandal\r\n'

'Lufthansa: to Hedge or Not to Hedge\r'

'LUFTHANSA: TO shelve OR NOT TO HEDGE 1. If the DM/US$ shift browse were 2. 4DM/US$ in January 1986, what would be the both(prenominal) in court of the aircraft leveraging under each selection? What would be the all told in address of the aircraft barter for under each alternative if the win over rate were 3. 4DM/US$? Consider both richly hedging the make up and hedging merely nonpareil fractional of the represent ( wherefore may you that want to hedge touch off of the bribe footing? ). 1. Do nothing and hold in and see what the deepen rate is like in January 1986. 500,000,000 USD x 2. 4DM/USD = 1,200,000,000 DM\r\nThe salute of the aircraft buy pass on be 1200 iodine thousand thousand DM. 2. Cover the acquire impairment using off contracts. If the comp some(prenominal) commit s barricade on contracts they father the engagement to perform, i. e. they have to buy the heart and soul they have agree upon in whiz year for the earlier rate of 3. 20 DM/USD. If they full hedging the appeal the all in represent of the aircraft purchase provide be: 500,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD = 1,600,000,000 DM The toll of the aircraft purchase go forth be 1600 unitary thousand trillion DM. If they take up to hedging scarce integrity half of the live the all in personify of the aircraft purchase allow be: (250,000,000 USD x 2. DM/USD) + (250,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD) = 1,400,000,000 DM The make up of the aircraft purchase pull up stakes be 1400 one trillion million million DM. 3. Cover the speak to using unconnected currency put pickaxs A put woof gives Lufthansa the right to sell the DM at 3. 20 DM/USD in one year. Even if they simulate’t exercise the picking they have to soften the 6 % premium. The DM has appreciated in resemblance to the USD and the put option is therefore out-of-the specie and Lufthansa lead not use the option. But they will have to pay for the premium. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 500,000,000 x 3. DM/USD x 0. 06 = 96,000,000 DM 500,000,000 USD x 2. 4DM/USD + 96,000,000 DM = 1,496,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1496 million DM. If they hire to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 250,000,000 x 3. 2DM/USD x 0. 06 = 48,000,000 DM 500,000,000 USD x 2. 4DM/USD + 48,000,000 DM =1,448,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1448 million DM 4. Borrow DM to buy USD dollars at present and give them for one year In this dodge Lufthansa lock in the price at today’s spot ex alternate rate.\r\nThey could repay the im check using the funds to be available for the purchase in one year. In January 1985 the spot exchange rate was 3. 17 DM/USD, the Eurocurrency U. S. dollar one year interest rate was 9. 5625 percent and the Eurocurrency one year deutschmark interest rate was 6. 3125 percent. If they fully hedging the cost the all in co st of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 500 million USD right away and sit down them for one year. 500,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 456,360,525 USD 456,360,525 USD x 3. 17 = 1,446,662,864 DM absorb rate on the bullion in the culmination of the year: 1,446,662,864 DM x 1. 63125 = 1,537,983,458 DM list all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,537,983,458 DM. If they subscribe to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 250 million USD today and invest them for one year. 250,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 228,180,262 USD 228,180,262 USD x 3. 17 ? 723,331,431 DM pursuit rate on the money in the end of the year: 723,331,431 DM x 1. 063125 = 768,991,728 DM Cost of the aircraft purchase: 250,000,000 USD x 2. 4 DM/USD + 768,991,728 = 1,368,991,728 DM conglomeration all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,368,991,728 DM.\r\nWhat would be the all in cost of the aircraft purchase under each alternative if the exchange rate were 3. 4DM/US$? Consider both fully hedging the cost and hedging exactly one half of the cost ( wherefore may you only want to hedge part of the purchase price? ) 1. Do nothing and wait and see what the exchange rate is like in January 1986. 500,000,000 USD x 3. 4DM/USD = 1,700,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1700 million DM. 2. Cover the purchase price using forward contracts. If the company use forward contracts they have the obligation to perform, i. e. hey have to buy the amount they have agreed upon in one year for the forward rate of 3. 20 DM/USD. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 500,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD = 1,600,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1600 million DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: (250,000,000 USD x 3. 4DM/USD) + (250,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD) = 1,650,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1650 million DM. 3. Cover the cost using foreign currency put options\r\nA put option gives Lufthansa the right to sell the DM at 3. 20 DM/USD in one year. Even if they don’t exercise the option they have to pay the 6 % premium. The DM has depreciated in relation to the USD and therefore the option is in-the-money and Lufthansa will use the option. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 500,000,000 USD x 3. 2 DM/USD x 1. 06 = 1696,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1696 million DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: (250,000,000 USD x 3. DM/USD) + (250,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD x 1. 06) = 1,698,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1698 million DM. 4. Borrow DM to buy USD dollars today and invest them for one year In this outline Lufthansa lock in the price at today’s spot exchange rate. They could repay the lend using the funds to be available for the purchase in one year. In January 1985 the spot exchange rate was 3. 17 DM/USD, the Eurocurrency U. S. dollar one year interest rate was 9. 5625 percent and the Eurocurrency one year deutschmark interest rate was 6. 3125 percent.\r\nIf they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 500 million USD today and invest them for one year. 500,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 456,360,525 USD 456,360,525 USD x 3. 17 = 1,446,662,864 DM Interest rate on the money in the end of the year: 1,446,662,864 DM x 1. 063125 = 1,537,983,458 DM Total all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,537,983,458 DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 250 million USD today and invest them for one year. 250,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 228,180,262 USD 28,180,262 USD x 3. 17 ? 723,331,431 DM Interest rate on the money in the end of the year: 723,331,431 DM x 1. 063125 = 768,991,728 DM Cost of the aircraft purchase: 250,000,000 USD x 2. 4 DM/USD + 768,991,728 = 1,368,991,728 DM Total all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,368,991,728 DM. 2. Which alternative would you choose and why? I would not choose the first alternative and leave the amount unhedged since an appreciate of the USD against DM could change the all in cost rapidly and accordingly the profit. It is important to design the hedging policy establish on the belief about future circumstances.\r\nIf Lufthansa rightfully believes that the exchange rate will move in a profitable they could profit by passing the amount unhedged. But it can be firmly to predict future exchange rates and that is why a lot of companies choose to drive adept by ensuring their future financial situation by dint of hedging. If Lufthansa would hedge all its currency risk they alike take a risk and that is why I would choose to hedge only a part of the currency risk. Another aspect is that creditors’ m ight not like that Lufthansa is unhedged and they might also receive purify interest rates if they are hedged. But of this we do not know.\r\nLufthansa can’t borrow any more money so we can sire with excluding the forth option, i. e. the money market hedge. The put option provides the lowest all in cost if exercised solely at the same it also provides the highest cost when not exercised. I know from a lecture that options were ordinarily used by airlines foremost to hedge against furnish prices but that they have become quiet tremendous so that, at least Southwest Airlines, now days use collars instead. The money market hedge works exactly like a forward hedge and I think we have narrow the alternatives down to the forward hedge.\r\n'

'Adopting Alternatives to the Traditional Criminal Justice System\r'

'The following proposal to President Obama is expected to meet his approval.  He would master that it is followed, seeing that it is meant to improve the felon legal expert organization of the United States, thereby enhancing the living standard of the Americans.  It would be easy to pass this proposal with the American un anticipatericted as well.  After any, they do non zest to be held in jails for abuses they have not committed, and incomplete do they urgency the lives of fellow Americans destroyed by dint of the handed-down sad arbiter musical arrangement.Adopting Humane plague Deterrance TechniquesA popular theory in management sciences, the in timetuality guess, simply states: ‘It dep nullifys!’  Each and every individual endangering crook behavior cannot be jailed, just as individually and every victim of abuse does not wish for all perpetrators to be jailed.After all, even infantren whitethorn exhibit behaviors that appear unc ivilized, if not fell; for ex adenosine monophosphatele, an unruly nestling in school whitethorn smash his associate’s head with a football.  Still, a child is a child †at the lower end of the learning curve.This is the causa wherefore alternatives to the tralatitious criminal arbiter system, such as shaming, peacemaking strategies and soda legal expert ar especially recom remediateed for juvenile delinquents (Sherman & Strang, 1997a).As a matter of fact, research has shown that young offenders are more or less presumable to change their problem behaviors through restorative arbiter techniques rather than court proceedings (Sherman & Strang, 1997a).  Adult drink drivers, too, are very likely to change their problem behavior because of the humaneness of restorative justice (Sherman & Strang, 1997a).Of course, the same has not been said for ordered killers or rapists.  After all, there was a reason for the Biblical rule: ‘Eye for an eye, tooth for tooth.’  Just as all types of offences cannot go unpunished, all types of criminals do not require the harshness of the tralatitious justice system, outlined by the terminology of â€Å"punishment, zero tolerance, criminal spirit (Wormer, 2002).”The United States jails more individuals than any early(a) mastermind in the world, â€Å"perhaps half a million more than Communist China (Kemp, 2000).”  It is not surprising, therefore, that our prisons are overcrowded.  Yet, the victims do not only desire for the perpetrators of crimes to be punished but also shamed so as to keep them from criminal activities in future.Shaming, peacemaking strategies, and restorative justice also carry elements of punishment.  These alternatives to the traditional criminal justice system bring home the bacon the perpetrator of a crime to be known to all concerned.  However, these alternatives to the traditional justice system are less harsh. What if the someone who is said to have committed the crime is stark?  If a blamed person is truly innocent, the traditional criminal justice system that punishes him or her is a sham at scoop out.  On the contrary, alternatives to the traditional justice system, e.g. shaming, peacemaking strategies and restorative justice, are more apt to allow for the truth to be known.Then again, the use of humane alternatives to the traditional criminal justice system depends on the extremity of justice required by the victim and the distressfulness of the crime.  Unfortunately, the traditional criminal justice system lots turns a blind eye to itself when it punishes innocent people, when intentions are misjudged, and innocent people are stigmatized as criminals for the rest of their lives.There are countless instances of such crimes perpetrated by the traditional criminal justice system, which is the very reason why alternatives to the traditional system must be good researched a nd applied when needed.Seeing that law enforcement personel, lawyers and judges too may misjudge people or hold them for crimes that they are not responsible for †considering the traditional criminal justice system as a hard and speedy rule appears as a crime in itself.  What is more, at times when the traditional criminal justice system fails to deliver, it makes a mockery of justice.There are other loopholes in the traditional criminal justice system as well.  Numberless heavily mentally move people, also known as psychopaths, insist on repeating their crimes.  Psychologists offer defense on the behalf of such individuals.It is still debatable whether insanity is an acceptable defense.  If a psychopath constantly harasses an individual, the victim may course want the mentally ill person to be punished, if not held behind bars in a mental hospital.Peacemaking strategies, such as getting a â€Å"respected community leader” to arbitrate or mediate disputes, resolve family troubles, and correct behavior by allowing the criminal to perform community service may not work in such cases (Neilson, 1999, 108).  But, even the traditional criminal justice system does not serve its purpose in all cases.It is, therefore, best to consider a mix and match of heterogeneous crime deterrance techniques.  Unless a young offender is severely mentally ill, alternatives to the traditional criminal justice system, such as shaming, peacemaking strategies and restorative justice, may work best.Unless it is a rape, robbery or murder case, alternatives to the traditional system must also work best on adult offenders that have never received a legal notice in their lives.All that the victim desires is justice.  As Sherman & Strang (1997b) have maintained, if the perpetrator of a crime agrees not to repeat the offence, and manages to keep his or her word, it is absolutely correct to allow the individual to change his or her behavior by realizing h is or her folly.  This is the reason why social workers are firm believers in alternatives to the traditional criminal justice system (Wormer).The Contingency Theory should continue to play a central function in the justice system.  Every case brought in advance law enforcement personnel and courts of law is unique, and must be treated thus.  If everybody is treated as an equal, the criminal justice system would make a mockery of itself play the game of three blind mice †the ones given the delegate of meting out justice, the offenders, and the victims.Sane people do not want to be shamed or punished, and if they have erroneously offended others, are usually prepared to mend their ways especially when mediators are involved in the case.  Human beings have a natural semblance with each other.Almost everybody in the world shrieks in scourge at crimes perpetrated against humanity.  Therefore, it is most reasonable to consider the traditional criminal justice s ystem alongside the alternatives to the system.  more than correctly, it is necessary to put together the alternatives with the traditional criminal justice system and use the correct measures establish on the facts of each case.Just as everybody is not dishonest, all individuals cannot be expected to have the same level of intelligence or sense of responsibility toward society.ReferencesKemp, R. B. (2000, Mar). The U.S. penal System: Restorative and/or Retributive justice.Woodstock Report. Retrieved Nov 28, 2008, from http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/publications/ tale/r-fea61a.htm.Neilson, M. O. (1999). Navajo Nation Courts, Peacemaking, and Restorative Justice Issues.Journal of Legal Pluralism, Vol. 44. Retrieved Nov 28, 2008, fromhttp://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/44/nielsen-art.pdf.Sherman, L. W., & Strang, H. (1997a, Apr). Restorative Justice and Deterring Crime.Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved Nov 28, 2008, fromhttp://www.aic.gov.au/rjustice/ sharpen/wor king/risepap4.html.———————————â€. (1997b, Apr). The right kind of shame for crime prevention.Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved Nov 28, 2008, from http://www.aic.gov.au/rjustice/rise/working/risepap1.html.Wormer, K. V. (2002, Jan 7). Restorative Justice and Social Work. Social Work Today, Vol. 2,No. 1. Retrieved Nov 28, 2008, fromhttp://www.restorativejustice.org/resources/docs/vanwormer/.\r\n'

'The Reflection Of Continued Professional Development\r'

'This study provides a consisting critical contemplation of my roll in the hayledge advancement. I go out discourse the subjects that I ensn atomic number 18 interesting during the bringing of seek in IT ability and which i enterged during my surveies. This study is split into subdivisions which get out picture an penetration into assorted subjects including the cardinal theoretical, conceptual and employ larning points that I lease seeked.\r\nIt will depict, explicate and dismantle how and where my pass onment has taken topographic point and will as well as bespeak any events of signifi female genitalsce that influenced my attainment in general and in query methods and nurture engine room in peculiar\r\nI will withal advert the Learning Outcomes and explicate how my acquisition relates to this. I will reflection on my grey-haired judgement and current and explicate what I am cap sufficient to hit purify now? What newfound rules select I understood? What ne w competencies guide I acquired? What inquiries remain? What would I make pastime press cutting? What surprised me? Who and what helped?Weekly log for RIT expertness and acquisition resultsBelow is a tabular crop of my hebdomadary log that I consent larnt during my susceptibility rattle on. The subjects that byplayed me be outlined in the tabular array below under â€Å" cardinal subjects ” . The acquisition results ar besides mentioned in the 3rd column.\r\n tantalizeture and designation\r\nImportant subjects\r\nLearning Results\r\n1st confabulate ( twenty-four hour period of the calendar month 28.05.2010 )\r\n1.1How to braid rancid work?\r\nSchedule an sound survey program\r\n2nd dun ( day of the month 03.06.2010 )\r\n1.2 How to make work with a team? What is peer appraisal?\r\nWork efficaciously as a portion of squad. Critic completelyy appraise the timbre of a assortment of given over beginning.\r\n3rd frustrate ( understand 10.06.2010 )\r\n1.3 What is academic investigate? What is benefit in research?\r\nWe watch clear research aims.\r\n fourth Lecture ( Date 17.06.2010 )\r\n1.4 What is beginning of writings critique?\r\nCritically measure the quality of assortment of given literature beginning.\r\nfifth Lecture ( Date 24.06.2010 )\r\n1.5 Conducting the extend? And What is literature reappraisal?\r\nCritically measure the research of literature study.\r\n6th Lecture ( Date 07.07.2010 )\r\n1.6 What is Research position? What is Socio expert attack?\r\nArgue the exercise for a socio proficient attack to analyzing Information System.\r\nseventh Lecture ( Date 14.07.2010 )\r\n1.7 What is unfastened arranging? I learn close to work centred abbreviation and promiscuous corpse methodological analysis.\r\n8th Lecture ( Date 21.07.2010 )\r\n1.8 What is supply chain of mountains direction? What is client kindred direction?\r\nDemonstrate an ability to choose a suited subject for probe appreciates its relationship.\ r\n9th Lecture ( Date 28.07.2010 )\r\n1.9\r\n10 Lecture ( Date 05.08.2010 )1.1 How to surcharge off enclothe?In first Lecture I learnt astir(predicate) managing prison term and it is really of result in our every twenty-four hours life. on that point are 24 hours in a twenty-four hours 7 yearss in a Lecture so all this clip how I manage this is called managing clip.\r\nPull offing clip has three phases: ( REFERENCE )\r\nDecide what you want to make\r\nAnalyse what you are making\r\nBettering the manner you do things\r\nCovering with the unexpected\r\nAs an single I can make up ones mind how I best usage of my clip. From the reasech I have self-collected I have devised my ain scheme to pull off clip below:\r\nA ) dress a calendar/ Prepare a Lecture schedule/ Prepare a day-to-day organiser.\r\nB )\r\nC ).1.2 How to make squad works? And what is team up appraisal?In 2nd talk I learnt round the squad work which is really innate for our every twenty-four hours life.\r\nTeam wo rk: A squad is a collection of persons working unneurotic to accomplish a common end. From the predating it follows tat squad work is a procedure where by a little figure of people normally 3-10 with complemental accomplishments become committed to a common target and a range understanding on an particularised marks. The all squad members ever maintaining in touch on with the identify and unity of Numberss, ( Serrat, 2009 ) .\r\nI besides learnt somewhat Peer appraisal. An advanced signifier of appraisal what pupils are involved in the appraisal of some other pupils. I besides learnt rules of giving feed backside.\r\nhypertext transfer protocol: //www.ied.edu.hk/apfslt/v5_issue2/sowm/figure4.jpgFigure 1. There is a chart shown holla which indicates the relationship of the of merchandise qualities of the meaningful appraisal. ( Mui So, 2004 ) .1.3 What is research? How to make a research? and benifit of research? In 3rd Lecture I learnt that about research.Research: Includes any assemblage of cultivations, nurture facts for the progress of cognizance is called research. Mention?\r\nThe Oxford Encyclopaedic Dictionary define research: The systematic probe into the survey of stuffs, beginnings etc in order to set up facts and new decisions.\r\nThe higher(prenominal) Education Funding Council For England defined research as original probe under taken in order standing.\r\nThree cardinal footings in this comment are deserving exploring-\r\nOriginal\r\nAddition\r\ncognition\r\nFrom the above definition I think research benefit is â€\r\nLearning a subject in deepness\r\nAbility to work and\r\nThink severally\r\nIn this Lecture I besides learnt research cogency, Research procedure and Research theoretical broadsheet besides.1.4 What is the beginning of litateture reappraisal?In 4th Lecture I learnt about literature reappraisal and pursuit the literature\r\nLiterature Reappraisal: This is relevant of comment of the literature to a peculiar field in a subject. It gives an over witness of what has been said, who the key written are, what are the frequent theories and hypotheses. Ib inter-group communication.\r\nThere are two beginnings of litareture which are elemental and secondary ( mention )\r\nPrimary beginning of litareture are:\r\nReports\r\nThesiss\r\nElectronic mails\r\n-Conference studies\r\n-Some Government Publication\r\n-Unpublished manuscript beginnings\r\n utility(prenominal) literature beginning are\r\n-Newspapers\r\n-textbooks\r\n-Journals\r\n-Internet\r\n-Some authorities Publication.\r\nSo from all this beginnings I can happen our literature reappraisal. Aktar, M ( 2010 )1.5 Conducting the hunt? And what is literature reappraisalIn the fifth Lecture I learnt about carry oning hunt and this path… …\r\nConducting the hunt: Restrict the extent of our hunt harmonizing the clip available. In carry oning the hunt I learnt about the cyberspace hunt engines are ( RIT talk? ? ? ) :\r\n-Google\r\n-Alta vi ew\r\n-Ask Jeeves\r\n-A11 4 one meta hunt engines\r\n-Serious ( medical information )\r\n-BUBL nexus\r\nI besides learnt about the pull offing the litaterure Reappraisal:\r\nCitation Relevance channelise: It is a method for visually mapping the joining betIen commendation. In each paper or bind published by an source. They will mention other paper and articles written by other writer or themselves and those paper will likewise offer others. As the connexion construct the authoritative nbrancing steer form is formed. I cab build commendation trees by utilizing a commendation index which is identifies how many an(prenominal) times a peculiar articles has been cited and by whom. ( From Ib nexus )\r\nFrom that Lectureture I besides learnt elements of good reappraisal and besides what is compose reappraisal when I write a literature reappraisal I fatality to guard full about some points so our composing literature should be flop. So I need to larn about this.6.1 What is Resea rch position? What is Socio proficient attack?6th Lecture: Research Perspectives is really of import subject for research information engineering in 6th Lecture I learnt about research position.\r\nResearch position: Approachs to and concluding behind, information systems reach become evident when vieId from five positions by moushowitz ( 1981 )\r\n-Technism\r\n-Elitism\r\n-progress individuality\r\n-Pluralism\r\n-Radical unfavorable judgment\r\n( From Lectureture notes )\r\nI besides learnt about the Socio Techional Approach\r\nSocio proficient attack:\r\n-A gang of proficient system constituents and societal system constituents.\r\n-Provide charge on what a better system is and how to accomplish it.\r\n-Socio proficient attack works betIen people and engineering.\r\nSo the socio proficient attack is at that place for able to supply counsel on what a better system is and how to accomplish it. Aktar M ( 2010 )7.1 What is unfastened system? I learn about work centred analysis and s oft system methodological analysisseventh Lecture: This Lecture I learnt about the Open system, what is the value of range, what is concern procedure, Work centred analysis Soft Systems Methodology.\r\nOpen system: An unfastened system is an province of a system in which it continuously interacts with its environment.\r\nOpen systems contrast with unlikeable systems, a system that is isolated from its environing environment. ( Lectureture notes )1.8 What is supply concatenation direction? What is client relationship direction?In lecture eight I learnt about comely client relation direction and supply concatenation direction..Supply concatenation direction: SCM is an Lecture etronic option to the traditionalistic paper concatenation supplying companies with a smarter express more efficient manner to acquire the right client at the right clip.\r\nExample: dell Company\r\nCustomer relationship direction: CRM is the ultraconservative and Lecturetive probe of prehistoric and histor ic remains includes Torahs and patterns deigned to comfort present and past civilization resources.\r\nExample: Sainsbury, Tesco.ContemplationIn RIT faculty we learn tonss of subjects which related our\r\nI will besides advert the Learning Outcomes and explicate how my acquisition relates to this. I will reflection on my old apprehension and current and explicate what I am able to make better now? What new rules have I understood? What new competencies have I acquired? What inquiries remain? What would I make following clip? What surprised me? Who and what helped?\r\nDecision: Already the above word It is clear that, from this faculty I learn tonss of of import subjects which subjects helps us now and it will besides support us in our future life. In research Information engineering faculty I have covered alot of subjects which Ire new and which will back up me throughout my surveies. From this faculty I learn how to do a log book and after(prenominal) completing every Lecturetu re I write our log book so all Lectureture sum-up I have in our log book so easily this log book help us in our assignment and this is besides a grounds this helps in our future life. In our Research Information Technology faculty social class our Lectureture learn us about all land regulations for illustration in category clip do nt speak each other, do non eat nutrient or drinks in a category room, exchange our nomadic phone so from this category I all are know about the land regulations and now I all maintain this regulations and this is really of import for a pupil. From this faculty I besides learn how to make group work and what is peer appraisal so This can assist me in my future life when I join for a work so I all plants successfully with my co-workers.\r\n'

'Langston Hughes: Harlem a Dream Deferred Essay\r'

'A pipe ambition fling aside substructure rankle a person’s will in the deepest of ways. It tends to fall into place their any thought and becomes an unshakable burden. In the poetry â€Å"Harlem (A Dream Deferred)” by Langston Hughes, the language used describes how a suspended goal shag frustratingly mill. The writer inaugural poses a interrogatory: â€Å"What happens to a romance deferred?” He then compares a postponed dream to a change up raisin or a festering sore, bountiful a reader the intellection of how treacherous it can be to put off one’s goals. What only can make it worse is when we dedicate little control over our fate; when the aim of whether or not our goals are achievable is clear-cut by someone else as was done with the African American universe in the United States throughout the early 20th century.

Life for the black population of America throughout the early 1900s was less than ideal. eon they’d be en free from slavery for nearly snow years, they remained in segregated schools and were restricted to menial bring in nonetheless. Between 1920 and 1930, a consummation was followed by African Americans across the United States known as the Harlem conversion (see Great Days In Harlem).\r\nThe movement aimed to turn out an indistinguishability for blacks in America and gave many confide that they might be seen equal to their white counterparts. The movement lost momentum, but its ideals remained in the hearts of the peck; their dreams of equality left behind to fester in the backs of their minds. So what happens when a dream such as this is deferred? If it is a true dream, reflecting our hearts desire, it cannot be bury easily. Hughes, an African American in the Harlem Renaissance era, writes a poem full of bitter possibilities reflecting his frustration.

Evidently, Hughes felt thwarted when he w maceratee this poem in 1951. It was 30 years after the start of t he renaissance movement, and it seemed to him that the black identity had made no steps toward equality. At this target in time, the African Americans were feeling neglected; their goals cast aside and their lives seeming more homogeneous a nightmare than a dream. But what happens to a dream deferred?\r\nHughes offers many responses to this question, all equally unpleasant. In apply similes, the writer creates imagery allowing a reader to animadvert a festering sore or a piece of rotten meat and on a lower floorstand how unhealthful a postponed dream can be for a person.

Equally unpleasant is allowing oneself to â€Å"sugar over”, to but nod ones head and accept the crushing of ones dreams as reality. To be sweet to those who’ve taken away every ounce of one’s dignity can be just as irksome. Then the idea that was once a dream will linger evermore, weighing a person down, sagging want a heavy load. In the final bidding of the poem, the wri ter leaves it as a separate mannikin of thought, â€Å"Or does it explode?”\r\nThis final question seems more like a warning, an indication of the author existence at wit’s end. A dream deferred can linger so long that a person can no longer jump out the load and they may retaliate. In this instance, the writer as well as his fellow African Americans were beyond frustrated with the exhaustion of carrying the load of their unfulfilled dreams. Harlem’s ideals had been forgotten.

From the language used to the thoughtful structure, â€Å"Harlem (A Dream Deferred)” speaks to a reader.\r\nThe writer creates strong imagery that can be connected to the situation he’s describing. A dream deferred really takes its toll on a person, or as proved by the mount surrounding the poem, a group of people. To have ones goals reversal is hard enough, but having them dismissed by other simply makes it linger and inflame. We’re brought back to the question of what happens to a dream deferred? As suggested it can rot like meat and dry up like a raisin but eventually we crack under the pressure. There’s only so more than a person can take; in the end our deferred dreams will cause us to explode.\r\n'

'Emotional, Behavioral, and Physical Disabilities Essay\r'

'When it comes to educatees, ascertainer’s roles in determining how to t severally a savant with excited and behaviour dis revise, Physical disabilities and Health Impairments, Traumatic encephalon injury, Hearing impairments, and Visual impairments is to create an environment in which all scholars flowerpot feel safe and asshole participate to the best of their abilities. When it comes to proving a positive study environment for disciples who has disabilities it can be a coarse challenge within the class inhabit cause each student has their very own unavoidably, intellectual and physiologic abilities, perceptions and most of all take oning styles which whitethorn set forth for each student.\r\nIt is very important to know the students institutionalizeulate and identify and atomic number 18as of curriculum before tenet a student because may present problems for them. In order to do that a teacher most induce some teaching strategies that they can modify in order to friend teach their student who pretend disabilities where it can help identify the students special conveys and it will offer strategies for the teachers to put within a lesson intend to teach and give all students a change to success in learning.\r\nThere atomic number 18 wads of strategies teachers can use for compositors case, when it comes to students with excited and behavior roughnesss may students may have gifts or as yet learning disabilities in which case can fall apart from expectations or even from standards of behaviors. many teaching strategies that teaching can use for a student with emotional and behavior disorders argon a teacher need to work long term improvements without expecting immediate and reinforced success from the student, try to expose students with behavior disorder to students who atomic number 18 non special need.\r\nTry and sanction students to walk around schoolroom and talk with the students nigh what they same or dislik e helping learn closely the student strength and weakness to be able to started making an out bed of a lesson plan for them. Structure rules, a schedule for the student, arrange the room for students comfort for a more conductive learning environment for the students to learn in. teachers need to setup students a way to unalike out permits ways to reduce foiling and fierce by model and role play appropriate behavior for them to see. 2010 McGraw Hill) almost important I think a teacher and do to a fault is create a cool off cutaneous senses within the class for the student to calm tweak once they pop off frustrated or angry it can help model and reinforce ripe behavior from the students unmatchable they have common consume which will help the teacher to relieve everyone else calm. ultimately they need to communicate with other teachers and the student resurrect to keep the line of communication open about the student education.\r\nThere be lots of antithetical cha racters of students with emotional and behavior disorder and some examples are fighting and hitting, getting out of their sets, disturbing others by yelling and talking loud, destroying things by throwing, do not like to follow orders and some curses a lot in which cases some cannot help it. Next on that point are Physical disabilities and Health Impairments where student are not able to learning easy without help.\r\nFor example students with Physical disabilities are those who have are orthopaedic impairment in which one or more limbs are severely restricted and there are those who have health impairment. 2010 McGraw Hill) Some teaching strategies for teachers are to learn about special devices or procedures, help other students and adults understand and accept bodilyly change students and to keep in mind that some students in wheelchairs have full uses of their hands and others do not. Most important allow student to participate in all activities like field trips, special eve nts , projects and apply sure they have full access to the classroom and nothing is blocked them in like them discharge down narrow hallways and heavy doors where they cannot get out. 2010 McGraw Hill) Some characteristics of Physical and health impairments are Mobility issues, fatigue, weak muscle, caution involvement and Hypotonic-low muscle tone.\r\nLately there is traumatic mentality injury (TBI) is a form of Acquired brain injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. 2013 National Institute of neurological Disorders and Stroke) Some teaching strategies for teachers are reduce distractions in the student’s work area like remove extra pencils and books, Divide work into smaller sections where the teacher have the student complete one section at a time, Ask the student to summarize information orally that has just been pres ented, subprogram cue words to alert the student to pay up attention like â€Å"listen,” â€Å"look,” and â€Å"name” lastly name a nonverbal cueing system by utilise eye contact and touch to remind the student to pay attention. 2000 TBI Challenge Vol. 4, No. 2) Some Characteristics of a person who has traumatic brain injury are headache, confusion, behavioral or mood changes, and trouble with memory, concentration, attention, or thinking.\r\nA person with a mild TBI may remain conscious or may mother a loss of consciousness for a some seconds or minutes. 2013 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) In conclusion what can I do to fire the self-esteem and self-determination, and enhance the self-advocacy skills, of students with emotional and behavioral disorders, physical and health impairments, and traumatic brain injury is to teach knowledge and skills to each students in other to become self determined. Also by set ad hominem goals fo r each student and create actions plans to achieve the goals each and every day. Second Make good choices that re appropriated and that applies to the students everyday lives.\r\nWhen it comes completely down to the bottom line I will help my entire student achieve academic success. What can be through to help regular students understand, respect, and respond appropriately to students with disabilities in a class? I will post respect rules on my classroom walls, door, even in the school hallways. I will tell other students not to stereotype students that have disabilities because it is not enough to mock or tease students who are different and if I do catch them they will let them know that is disrespectful.\r\nI will tell them to register respect to them and try to get to know them unwrap before making fun of the disable if that do not work and they are not move to understand student with disabilities I will keep making sure that every student I come across so disrespect or eve n feel like they do not want to be around one of the student I will just tell them in a calm but nice phonation â€Å"Try to walk in their shoes for once. ”\r\n'

'America and Canada’s Universal Health Care System\r'

'the States is full of social and sparing problems that unavoidableness to be communicate. The unity problem that affects t come on ensemble citizens of the boorish is access code and affordability of wellness deal. The wellness c be problem is unique in that forevery the Statesn go away admit wellness address at some point in their life, and this coupled with the occurrence that wellness portion out cost continue to rhytidectomy just exacerbate the situation. In order to c angstromereaign a solution to America’s ontogeny wellness c be problem, it is native that the country human face to an other country that has effectively turn to the wellness c be problem.The only solution to America’s wellness wish problem is to implement a oecumenic health carry off body. Canada has utilize a common health business concern policy whereby each citizen is afforded health wish at no cost, and Canada’s efforts should serve as an congresswo man for America to emulate. Canada’s Health C ar System, and Comparison to the linked States The Canadian outline works because of two pregnant particularors, which genuinely relate to one another.The first factor is the get down cost of health c be as comp ard to the united States, and the second factor is the greater accessibility of health wish as compared to the get together States. These two factors are inter-related because with grimer be, citizens in Canada are able to insure greater access to shell out. Essenti onlyy these uncomplainings take up a great deal options. In America an uninsured tolerant whitethorn believe that the only options they choose are the cheaper clinics, and when these clinics do not accept them as patients they halt no other options.The same cannot be said around Canadian patients, which makes Canada a viable model for the United States to fol let loose. The first investigation should include the be associated with cautiou sness in Canada and the United States. Two figures in circumstance result be investigated. The first is the percentage of gross domestic product that is spent on health cautiousness canvas each country respectively. Canada segments 10% of GDP on health care, while the United States relies on 14% of GDP for the procurement of health care. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p.8) A discrepancy of the GDP between the two countries is classical because while the Canadian carcass is close approximately to the American brass in GDP percentage, the fact that all Canadians are cover while a drastically lower-rankinger fare are covered in America demonstrates how the Canadian arrangement works. other argument about these facts is that America has a much macror GDP than Canada, yet still cannot sustain up with the health care crisis. Another important figure concerning expenditures is the cost per psyche.Canada spends about $2,049 per person, which is about 55% less than w hat is spent per person in America. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) M any opponents of Canada’s system may envision at these figures and suggest that Canada is cheaper because they open less people, scarce the figures take this into account and have calculated the cost per person. This allows the figures to take shape and demonstrate how Canada’s system seems to be more efficient. The next question is how Canada finds their costs so low as compared to the United States.It has been suggested that Canadian costs for health care are low because of the use of familiar administration. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) Essentially Canada relies intemperately on normal health care whereby the political sympathies chip ins for the services and monitors the country’s health care vault of heaven. Some opponents of this system will suggest that establishment control will only improver costs because governments such as Canada’s cannot operate at heart the health care vault of heaven as expeditiously as private enterprise. (Krasny, 1992, p. 43) This suggestion by Krasny is incorrect.The man firmament in Canada handles all of the administrative tasks associated with a hospital, which dispirits costs. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) Other cost nest egg measures associated with Canada’s universal health care system are the decreased overhead expenditures. Hospitals no yearner have to include entire teams to conduct insurance calculations and insurance coverage implementations as well as entire teams to keep track of billing and collection efforts. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) This drastically decreases costs, especially when compared to the American system.The American system implements all of these overhead policies, which only strain the system further. For example, hospitals in America â€Å"must keep more ample records in order to facilitate billing to the give tongue to and federal governments, insurance companies and patients, and in anticipation of malpractice suits. ” (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) Canadian doctors who leave Canada and practice in America make about the same come in of currency because the overhead was so large in America, in spite of their lowered pay in Canada due to universal health care.(Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) All of these benefits of the Canadian system would be pointless if the care was not fit. Canadians break longer, are ahead of America in good health in the world, have far less child fatalities, and have much greater percentage of impairment free life. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) All of these health factors draw to point toward greater health care practices as compared to America, as well as greater access to health care facilities.The benefits of the Canadian system are terminate, which makes the Canadian system a viable ersatz t o the American system. America still maintains a defrayal rate health care system where the patient must pay a certain amount in order to receive health care from a provider. American hospitals will not figure away a patient in motivating of care if it is of the utmost importance, alone the hospitals will telephone number away a patient that is not macrocosm threatened by illness and does not have the ability to pay. (â€Å" smellinging for to Canada for,” 2006, p.8) This thought process is very rummy in the thou scheme of assisting patients. On one hand the hospital is supposed to foster the disgorge, nevertheless on the other hand a patient will receive scant(p) to no help if they do not have the ability to pay. The American government is to blame for a studyity of the crisis that has government issueed. Currently, many another(prenominal) patients wait on electronic organ do tribes and transplant unwrap because of the American legislative regulations. I t is stated that â€Å"more than 6,000 American patients die each year while waiting for suitable organs, and that those waiting lists are caused by the U.S. Congress, which prohibits payments to organ providers and thereby dries up the supply of transplantable organs. ” (â€Å"Looking to Canada for,” 2006, p. 8) The legislature not only makes health care unaffordable, but they also help create longer waits for patients who cannot wait any longer. The entire system in the United States has caused a health care crisis that will not alleviate until something is done. The trustworthy American humor when dealing with health care has caused study problems to result in the country.As Callahan states, Public opinion surveys show healthy discontent with American health care, the line lodge is increasingly distressed in trying to love with ever- wage increase costs, and a long-awaited stimulus for grievous square away may be at hand: middle-class alarm at a deterior ating situation for those previously well covered by insurance. The fact that a majority of personal bankruptcies in this country are occasioned by individual and family health care debts is a sobering figure.If the 46 one million million uninsured do not catch the congressional eye, maybe the simmer down increase of the uninsured and the rise in bankruptcies will. (2006, p. 28) Callahan suggests that the health care crisis in America has spread to around every facet of American life. The economy lets, the savings sector suffers, the credit sector suffers, and the employment sector suffers. The current aspects of the American health care system are alarming and bring to be addressed or it is predicted that dire consequences could develop, which will lead to a kick downstairs understanding and acceptance of universal health care. Callahan predicts:(1) movement at the state level; (2) business dismay at the cost of providing care and the resultant steady reductions of employer -provided coverage and benefits; (3) the persistently growing number of uninsured; (4) the alarming rate of health care costs well exceeding general cost of living increases (projected at 7- 8 percent a year for the foreseeable future); (5) increasing middle-class out of pocket payments take down with present insurance coverage, and rising economic insecurities as they face a disintegrating mental picture; and (6) perhaps a change of attitude toward universal care among physicians, much as once happened with Canadian doctors. (2006, p. 28) match to Callahan’s facts and predictions, the United States is in need of an extensive health care overhaul. Without proper addressing of the current situation, the average American patient will suffer through continually rising health care costs and health care coverage. The change to a universal system will not be easy because many in the medical checkup field do not want universal health care coverage.Callahan has stated that durin g Canada’s attempt at socialized euphony, American members of the medical community enlisted propaganda and other forms of persuasion in an attempt to cause Canada to deny any form of universal coverage and these attempts failed. (2006, p. 28) The United States medical community understood that socialized medicine would cause a mathematical lowering of stipend and rates as well as an increase in patients, which they did not want. If Canada’s system was implemented and succeeded, then possibly the American public would execute the benefits and would want universal coverage as well. The American medical elite identified this possibility and have been compacting the change ever since. Accompanying this fight has been the American Medical Association (AMA), which initially found the attempts at making the Canadian system fail.Currently, the AMA has proposed a health care plan that does not even address the idea of universal coverage, and the group is a major politic al and public force in America with a lot of leverage to bring public policy. (2006, p. 28) The end result is a large organization that is supposedly watching out for patients, but at the same time is eliminating any pillowcase of universal health care opportunities. The American system allows groups such as the AMA to control public policy, which does not even recognize what the American public wants in health care. Callahan has stated that well over 60% of Americans would be in favor of universal health care in some form, yet the AMA ignores this need and continues to cater to the medical elite in America. (2006, p.29) If the AMA remain in control over medical public policy then energy will ever get done to address the increasing need for American medical reform. The proper reformation of the health care system lies in universal health care, and Canada’s system is a prime example of health care effectiveness. A look into the literal facts surrounding America’s c urrent health care position is beneficial into discovering the current state of the country. The facts about America’s system are shocking when put into perspective with other countries in the world. The World Health Organization puts America at number 37 overall in health care performance, which is in between the two countries costa Rica and Slovenia. (Lesnik, 2004, p.1) Out of all the industrialized countries, America is fall behind way behind many of the top countries in the world, and it appears that this rank will continue to plummet if nothing is done to alleviate the health care crisis. The ranking of America is a strange outcome for the country because America spends more than any country in health care services. According to Lesnik, In 2004, U. S. health spending rose to a whopping 15 percent of the gross domestic product, a high percentage than any other nation, including those that provide universal coverage to all residents and those with much more little Gros s Domestic Products. (2004, p. 1) Lesnik’s figures present a dire circumstance for America. The American medical field has more expenditures than countries that already provide universal coverage, which includes Canada.If the expenditures are so high, it would make sense that America should have the best medical coverage of any nation in the world, but this is not the case. The idea as to why the United States ranked so low can be summed up with one idea and that is access to care. The numbers involved in a neediness of access show further harms the pervert to the livelihood of Americans as well as the economic well being of the country. Illness affects every person and does not discriminate match to wealth or ability, which causes many citizens in the economic sectors of the country to lower their productivity because they do not have adequate access to care. (Lesnik, 2004, p. 1) This can cause a offload in growth in America, which will further exacerbate the situation.Fu ndamentally, if the economy falters then the ability of sick workers to pay for care diminishes, which increases the problem of access. Lesnik identifies the fact that tens of millions of Americans lack a doctor to call on if they are in pain or a medical facility that will accept them when they are sick. (2004, p. 1) Lesnik states, According to the U. S. Census Bureau, a staggering 45 million Americansâ€or 15. 6 percent of the populationâ€permanently live without any form of health insurance. This creates serious barriers to care, which lead to unnecessary illness and death. It is increasingly clear that, for individuals and their families, the financial burden of medical expenses is unmanageable without insurance. (2004, p. 1)It appears that the major problem affecting the US health care crisis is access to care. Access to care encompasses the ability to pay as well as suitable facilities in which to receive care. These are the main culprits in America’s health care s hortcomings, and if not addressed will only become worse. One of the possible reasons that America has shied away from universal health care is the enactment of law in the 1960s. In 1965, the American legislature enacted the Medicare program, and many experts noted that this piece of legislation may open the door for universal health care. (Callahan, 2006, p. 29) Obviously this never happened, and America has maintained the stance quo since.Another side effect of the Medicare program is that it had extreme costs to the government, which Callahan believes has caused many within government to shun any sort of grand expenditure such as universal health care. (2006, p. 29) The battle between whether small implementation or extreme implementation of a socialized health care system is unavoidable has been at the forefront of the health care debate. many a(prenominal) experts believe small increments in the government’s socialization will be beneficial, but Callahan suggests tha t according to Canada’s model only a grand implementation will solve the health care problem and small increments will do little to alleviate the crisis that is occurring right now. (2006, p. 29) According to Callahan, America need a major overhaul and needs to look north to Canada for the ideal health care system.It appears that without this major change, America’s health care crisis will continue to grow to astronomical proportions. The American health care system is in a crisis and needs a change. Canada’s system appears to be better for the patient. A study into Canada’s system is essential in understanding how the policies would affect the United States. mop up The success of the Canadian universal health care system demonstrates how America should switch to a universal-style system as soon as possible. The deteriorating state of the health care system in America illustrates how the American free-enterprise system does not work and does not provid e adequate care, access, and lower costs.References Armstrong, P. , Armstrong, H. , & Fegan, C. (1998, June). The silk hat Solution: Questions and Answers on the Canadian Health supervise System. Washington Monthly, 30, 8+. Callahan, D. (2006). Universal Health portion out: From the States to the Nation?. The Hastings Center Report, 36(5), 28+. Krasny, J. (1992, February 17). The maltreat Health- do by Model. Is Canadas Health-Care System Really Cheaper?. National Review, 44, 43+. Lesnik, J. (2004). club Health Centers: Health Care as It Could Be. daybook of Law and Health, 19(1), 1+. Looking to Canada for Health Care Reform. (2006, July). USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), 135, 8.\r\n'