Professional Standards for Teaching: a Review or Literature Essay

ABSTRACTAbstract- The aim of this claexercising is to follow the related literature about(predicate) the professed(prenominal) samples for teachers. The conceptual and historical background of the victor stock(a)s has been discussed in this article. It is viewed that smell of reproduction and attribute of smell be interdependent. Quality of procreation to a great extent lies on the case of his teachers. victor criterions for teachers atomic number 18 universe used as a tool to meliorate the quality of upbringing. Standards are the measures of achievement for both the jobal teachers or educators and the their students. These passkey standards are sub divided into contented and surgical operation standards in the course seek to assure virtuousness.These standards define and certify first moments, and put forward a common base for planning. Professional standards for teachers also provide a foundational framework to phrase pre-service teacher education pr ogrammes, accredit the institutions that offer them and to tell their graduates as licensed teachers. In different western countries various organizations are responsible for the cultivation of different types of professional standards for teachers. In Pakistan, demesneal Professional Standards for teachers has been introduced by the Federal Ministry of Education in collaboration with UNESCO and USAID, which are discussed in detail in this review.IntroductionEducation is considered as one of the tinonic elements which contribute to the emergence of a country and the prosperity of the masses. It abets awareness among pack by making them able to read the universe (Freire, 1987). The increasing use of technology has transformed the world into a global village. This global participation has accepted the prescript that education is a prefatory human right. execution of such right does not only involve being habituated access to schools and being trained for life-long train ing via either formal or non-formal means, but much importantly, being provided quality education (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 402). For m whatever children, youth and adults today, access to education opportunities is nolonger a luxury however, get quality education remains to be elusive even in developed countries. The declarations of the 1990 Jomtien area Conference on Education and the 2000 Dakar World Education Forum both emphasized that to achieve Education for any (EFA) by 2015 would require, in addition to increased access to education, all countries to improve the quality and equity of education so that recognized and measurable accomplishment outcomes are achieved by all (Ross K., 2007). instructors are vital. Unless we can get more teachers, and better teachers, we will not reach the target of making quality education available for all by 2015.The quality and standard of excellence in education depend upon the quality and standard of teachers. Strong recount demons trates that the quality of teachers is the to the highest degree significant educational input for quality instructing in schools. The importance of the role of the teacher as an agent of change, promoting sympathy and tolerance, has never been more obvious than today (Delors, Mufti, Amagi, Carneiro, Chung, Geremek, Gorham, Kornhauser, Manley, Quero, Savane, Singh, Stavenhagen, Suhr, Won, & Nanzhao,1996). This is polished in the international bowel movement to give greater attention and hunting expedition to improve the quality of teachers.If any country aspires to compete successfully in the global experience economic system and convert the raw talents of its people into productive asset it has to create a world class educational system from pre-school to postgraduate takes. A world class education is not possible without world class teachers, most importantly at the foundational levels of K -10 grades, who instruct, inform and inspire their students to quality learning and scholars rosehip. MacBer (2000) covers the qualities of a teacher, A good teacher is kind, is generous, listens to students, encourages them, has faith in them, keeps confidences, likes belief children, likes learn their subjects, light upons time to explain things, helps them when they are stuck, tells them how they are doing, allow them to contract their say, doesnt give up on them, cares for their opinion, makes them feel clever, treats people equally, stands up for them, makes allowances, tells the truth and is forgiving ( p. 3).Since last decade, there has been a worldwide centralize on quality in education in many countries. Calls for quality teachers, quality outcomes and quality schools postulate run something of a mantra for politicians employing authorities and backup leaders (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 402). K. Kennedy (2001) describes a qualityprofession and a quality classroom instruct as two sides of the same coin. It is a spot that we want a motivation a q uality profession. Yet it equally true that we need various(prenominal) teachers who make up the profession to be pull to quality article of belief method . What the profession as a whole says about standard of professional practice should come to life in individual classrooms (Kennedy, 2001). To produce world class teachers and empower them to educate generations of learners /scholars, the fundamental requirements constitute been clearly delineated in professional literature. It includes standards of what teachers need to know and be able to do.Professional Standards for TeachersStandard- put and accreditation of teacher education are key mechanisms to agree the quality of teacher training. Quality assurance requires Professional Standards of teacher education and an utile mechanism of teacher accreditation of teacher education institutions and programmes. Developing and implementing standards of professional practice to reflect a new pretence of teacher professionalism is rising as a priority in a number of countries crossways the globe. Professional dogma standards help to make teachers knowledge and capabilities more explicit, as well as provide a powerful mechanism for define and communicating what constitutes good teaching. They can also provide a useful framework for ongoing professional learning. Quality of teachers is reflected in their quality of teaching. To verify quality in teaching, standards for what teachers should know and be able to do should be developed. The standards are used as the criteria for licensing or certification, recruitment, and career planning and using (Ibrahim & Ahmed, 2008, p. 414).Meaning of StandardsThe term standards can be used in at least two ways firstly, standards are statements about what is valued statements of principle bitely, they are measures levels or measures of performance. A standard, in the later sense points to and describes a desirable level of performance (Ingvarson L. , 2002). Sykes a nd Plastrik point out that the word standard, as in the second sense of a measure, carries different usages and nuances. one(a) of these is the idea of a standard as a legally recognized unit, such as that of Greenwich Mean Time, or the Gold Standard, or the Standard Meter for length. Another is the notion of a standard as an compulsory orrecognized exemplar of perfection, such as the quasi-religious books of a religious organization.Yet another usage refers to a definite level of excellence, attainment, wealth or the like such as standard of living, standards of health or a particular level of proficiency, as in playing the piano or conducting a hip replacement, for example (1993). There are two main types of standards as utilize to teaching The first defines the basic tasks or duties of a teacher what a teacher is hired to do. These are the kinds of generic criteria that school administrators usually study authority to apply in appraising whether teachers are doing their ba sic job. The second are standards for good teaching detail to particular subject and curriculum fields. These standards are based on professional set and images of high quality learning specific to subject fields (Ingvarson L., 1998a, pp. 32-33).Standards are used in different ways in teaching profession. For example pre-service preparation and at the time of induction, they are used to select new members of the teaching profession (Selection Standards), to assess that what graduates from teacher education courses should know and able and to do (Standards for higher(prenominal)(prenominal) qualification in teaching), to assess the teacher preparation course and institutions (Accreditation standards), and to measure the performance for full entranceway to the profession after probationary form (Registration / Licensing Standards). Professional Standards for teachers are also used to improve continuing Professional breeding (CPD). These standards may include Employer specific st andards, where permanency still applies (Permanency / promote standards), Standards for periodic review of performance of contractual duties for retention or press release decisions (Accountability standards), Standards for self-analysis and reflection on practice (Appraisal Standards for Professional Development), Profession-wide standards for highly realized practice set by a professional body (Advanced evidence Standards) and Standards for career advancement specific to an employing authority (Promotion Standards) (Ingvarson L. 2002, p.3-6).History of Initiative or Development of Professional Standards There is considerable interest worldwide in the potential of professional teaching standards to support improvements in the quality of teaching and learning. This interest reflects the findings ofrecent research on quality teaching (Darling-Hammond. 2000 Cuttance, 2001 Rivkin, Hanushek & Kain, 2000). The breeding of professional standards has proceeded with remarkable speed i n spite of appearance a number of countries. Developments assimilate been driven by a diverse range of factors. It includes the demand for greater accountability, the desire to reform education, the need to strengthen teacher professional development and the introduction of teacher performance appraisal (Mulcahy, 2003).A brief explanation of development of Professional Standards around the world coupled grounds of AmericaAt the national level, the establishment of the content Board for Professional instruction Standards (NBPTS) has prevail discussion of professional standards in the United States. The national Board found in 1987 in response to the criticisms of teaching standards in A Nation at Risk, is credited as being the catalyst for attain in the United States. The National Boards mission was to establish rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do. The vast canopy of NBPTS standards of accomplished teaching is built on five core, underpinning propositions. (1) Teachers are committed to students and their learning (2) Teachers know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students (3) Teachers are responsible for managing and observe student learning (4) Teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from experience and (5) Teachers are members of learning communities (NBPTS, 1987).Interstate New Teacher appraisal and Support Consortium (INTASC) is a consortium of state education agencies, higher education institutions, and national educational organisations dedicated to the reform of the education, licensing, and on-going professional development of teachers in the USA, which had also formulated the professional standards for teachers. INTASCs mission is to promote standards-based reform through the development of model standards and assessments for head start teachers (INTASC, 2006). In par with the National Boards approach to developing standards, the INTASC standards are performance-based, that is they describe what teachers should know and be able to do rather than listing courses that teachers should take in order to be awarded a licence (Ibrahim & Ahmad, 2008, p. 418). Developed for purposes of licensingbeginning teachers, they do not differ markedly in knowledge or skills requirements from those used by the NBPTS for accreditation of accomplished teachers. Where they do differ is in the expectation that accomplished teachers will be able to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in more refined ways (Ramsey, 2000, p. 22).The United KingdomThe issue of standards for teachers has been a focus of policy development in England for most of the last decade. quaternity separate agencies are now involved in the development, monitoring and accreditation of teachers against educational standards. They are (1) The Teacher Training Agency (TTA) or Training and Development Agency (TDA) (2) Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) (3) The superior famil iar Teaching Council (GTC) (4) The boost Education National Training Organisation (FENTO). The General Teaching Council (GTC) was open by the Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998, started work on 1 folk 2000 as the independent professional body for teaching in England. The Act gave effect to a long-held aspiration to give teaching the same status as other self-regulating professions, such as nursing. It set the GTC two aims (1) to contribute to improving standards of teaching and the quality of learning, and (2) to watch over and improve standards of professional conduct among teachers, in the interests of the public.The GTC code has been revised and is effective from September 2009. The Code describes professionalism in practice in relation to registered teachers (1) pull the wellbeing, development and progress of children and young people first (2) Take accountability for maintaining the quality of their teaching practice (3) Help children and young people to become confid ent and successful learners (4) Demonstrate respect for diversity and promote comparability (5) Strive to establish productive partnerships with parents and carers (6) Work as part of a whole-school team (7) Co-operate with other professional colleagues (8) Demonstrate honesty and integrity and affect public trust and confidence in the teaching profession (The General Teaching Council (GTC), 2009).AustraliaThe issue of standards is under discussion in Australia since 1980s. Professional Standards for teachers have been developed both at National and state/ province level after a long and continuous struggle. This Standardmovement can be divided into two parts. (1) First Phase of standards development (1980 1999), (2) encourage Phase of standards development (21st Century). Most of the initial work on professional standards done in first period was the result of state political relation agencies or employers. However, no comparable professional standards for teachers were develo ped. Accreditation of teacher education programs, entry to and succession deep down the teaching profession was organized in line with the particular qualification or registration requirements within each State or Territory. Regulatory bodies for teachers within Australia were state-based (Mulchay & Jasman, 2003, p. 13). In the second phase of standards develop movement the responsibility of developing professional standards was squarely placed with the profession.It was progressively argued that standards should be generated by the teachers so that establishment of these standards would craft point of reference for teachers. Ingvarson (1998, p. 127) writing in the context of school teaching, argues that teaching standards need to be embedded in the teaching of a particular subject if they are to be valid representations of expertise and useful guides to professional development (as cited in Mulchay & Jasman, 2003, p. 16). The National Standards for Teachers (the Standards) in Au stralia has been validated and finalized by The Australian make up for Teaching and nurture Leadership (AITSL) in collaboration with The Ministerial Council for Education, Early puerility Development and Youth Affairs (MCEECDYA) in 2010. The National Professional Standards for Teachers were endorsed by MCEECDYA in December 2010. The Standards represents an analysis of effective, contemporary practice by teachers passim Australia.Their development included a synthesis of the descriptions of teachers knowledge, practice and professional strife used by teacher accreditation and registration authorities, employers and professional associations (The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL), 2011). The seven Standards identify what is expected of teachers within three domains of teaching (Professional Knowledge, Professional Practice and Professional Engagement) within their 4 stages (Graduate, Proficient, Highly accomplished and Lead Teacher) of their careers .Teachers demonstration of the Standards will occur within their specific teaching context at their stage of expertise and reflect the learning requirements of the students they teach (AITSL, 2011). The Standards are(1) Know students and how they learn (2) Know the content and how to teach it (3) Plan for and implement effective teaching and learning (4) cause and maintain supportive and safe learning surroundingss (5) Assess, provide feedback and report on student learning (6) Engage with professional learning (7) Engage professionally with colleagues, parents/carers and the community (AITSL, 2011, p. 5).PakistanThe Ministry of Education, with the cooperation of United Nations educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the pecuniary support of United States Agency for International Development (USAID), has developed National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan. These standards frame a vision of the qualifications Pakistan expects of its teachers. T hese expectations need to be of national concern because teachers are the heart of the nations effort to assure a better future for all children and youth (United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2011).These standards were launched on the 23 of February of 2009 and it is hoped that with them, a wider discussion on teacher quality will emerge and be accompanied by concrete actions dedicated to its improvement. The standards are (1)Subject matter knowledge (2) Human growth and development (3) Knowledge of Islamic ethical values/social life skills (4) Instructional planning and strategies (5) Assessment (6) eruditeness environment (7) Effective communication and proficient use of information communication technologies (8) collaborationism and partnerships (9) Continuous professional development and code of conduct (10) Teaching of side of meat as second/foreign language (ESL/EFL) (Government Of Pakistan, 2009).CONCLUSIONEducation is an inwrought nee d of life. The quality of life depends upon the quality of education. A quality education system depends upon the well qualified teachers. To measure the ability and performance of the teachers we need some basis and standards provide these bases for evaluation or comparison of teachers. but like many other professions professional standards for teachers are being introduced in education in different countries of the world including Pakistan. The review of literature reveals that United States of America has a pioneering role in the development of these professional standards for teachers. In many western countries likeAmerica and Australia these professional standards for teachers are being introduced by both public and private organizations, especially teachers organizations.These standards are of generic and specific types. The generic standards are introduced to general expected behavior of teachers. The specific standards are produced according to the needs of the specific sub ject. These standards are playing a crucial role to improve the quality of education. These standards are also prompt factor for teachers for their continuous professional development (CPD). In Pakistan these professional standards are recently introduced in 2009 by the federal ministry of Education government of Pakistan with the financial support of UNESCO and USAID under STEP project. These standards are in the process of carrying into action and several teachers organizations and NGOs are also closely monitoring and evaluating them. It is hoped that these standards may be used as agent of change for the betterment of education in Pakistan.BIBLIOGRAPHYCuttance, P. (2001). The impact of teaching on student learning. , in K. Kennedy (Ed.) beyond the rhetoric building a teaching profession to support quality teaching (capital of Australia, Australian College of Education) , 35-55. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement a review of state policy eviden ce. Seatle, WA Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington). Delors, J., Mufti, L., Amagi, I., Carneiro, R., Chung, F., Geremek, B., Gorham, W., Kornhauser, A., Manley, M., Quero, M.P., Savane, M.A., Singh, K., Stavenhagen, R., Suhr, M.W., Won, M. & Nanzhao, Z. (1996). Learning The treasure within Report to UNESCO of the international commission on education for the twenty first century. Paris UNESCO. Freire, D. M. (1987). Literacy Reading the Word and World. London Routledge and Kegan capital of Minnesota Ltd. Government Of Pakistan. (2009). National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan (NPST-2009). Islamabad Ministry Of Education. Ibrahim, M. S., & Ahmad, A. R. (2008). An Analysis of Teacher Education Reforms Worldwide and the Need for the Introduction of the Teacher Professional Standards in the Contemporary Education Systems. SOSIOHUMANIKA , 401-426. Ingvarson, L. (1998a). Professional standards A challenge for the AATE. English in Australia (122), 31-44. Ingvarson, L. (2002). Development of a national standardsframework for the teaching profession. Melbourne Australian Council for Educational Research. INTASC. (2006). INTASC Fact sheet. Washington D.C. INTASC (Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium). Kennedy, K. ed. (2001). Beyond the Rhetoric Building a Teaching Profession to Support Teaching. Canberra College Year Book, Australian College of Educators. McBer, H. (2000). Research into teacher effectiveness A model of teacher effectiveness. Report to the section for Education and Employment. Mulcahy, D. (2003). Teaching standards and professionalism in TAFE prospects, possibilities and pitfalls. Department of Education Policy and Management University of Melbourne . Mulchay, D., & Jasman, A. (2003). Towards the development of standards of professional practice for the twee TAFE teabing force. Melbourne Office of Trainig and Tertiary Education. NBPTS National Board for Professional Teaching Standard s. (1987). What Teachers Should Know and be Able to Do. Detroit, MI NBTPS Ramsey, G. (2000). Quality Matters, Revitalising Teaching vital Times, Critical Choices. Report of the Review of Teacher Education, NSW Dept. of Education and Training, Sydney, NSW. Rivkin, S., Hanushek, E., & Kain, J. (2000). Teachers, schools, and academic achievement, Working piece of music 6691 (revised). National Bureau of Economic Research. Ross Ken. (2007). Quality and equity in basic education can we have both?, IIEP Newsletter, July-September 2007. P .9 Sykes, G., & Plastrik, P. (1993). Standard setting as educational reform. Washington D.C American Association of Colleges for Teachers of Education. The Austeralian Institute for teaching and School Leadership (AITSL). (2011). National Professional Standards for teachers, Australia The Austeralian Institute for teaching and School Leadership. The General Teaching Council (GTC), (2009). CODE OF CONDUCT AND PRACTICE FOR REGISTERED TEACHERS, London gene ral Teaching Council for England. United Nation Educational scientiofic and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2011). UNESCO Islamabad, Retrieved September 2011, from Education / STEP http//unesco.org.pk/education/step.html