Urban Transportation Planning Essay Example

Urban Transportation Planning Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Transportation Planning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Transportation Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Transportation Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Urban Transportation Planning Community visions and goals are fundamental in the process of urban transportation planning. This is because the vision indicates the results and outcomes that the community seeks to accomplish after a specified period. Consequently, developing a vision is incomplete without the inculcation of goals and objectives, which integrate to create a goal set (Meyer Miller, 205). The importance in developing a vision and a goals set in a respective community is to enable it plan different strategies and perform specific tasks and activities that will assist the community in accomplishing the stated goals and objectives and thus determine whether the plans matched with the vision and goals set in place. In order to understand the effect of a community’s vision and goals set on the urban transportation planning procedure, it is important to consider three communities that possess different visions and goals sets. Question 1 The Cleveland Community One of the communities is the Cleveland community. Cleveland is the central hub of the state of Ohio. Located in the county of Cuyahoga, the community possesses a considerable population of 396815 people (The City of Cleveland, 2013). The overall vision and goals set for the community are set based on achieving vitality, energy and connection in the community. Therefore, the vision of Cleveland community is to ensure that it strives to achieve the status of being a Community for Choice for its residents. Consequently, the goal set is to ensure that it becomes a community that embraces vitality, vibrancy and connection for locals and foreigners. The Santa Monica Community The Santa Monica community situated in Los Angeles County in the state of California possesses a considerably large population. The population density per square mile is 10664 people. The total population is currently at 89736. The community emphasizes its vision and goals on maintain maintenance in the community. The community possesses eight goals based on the overall vision. These goals include preservation of resources, community and environmental health, transportation, economic progress, land employment and open space, housing, community participation and edification and individual dignity (Community Sustainability Program: Santa Monica, 2013). The Detroit Community The Detroit Community is the largest community in the state of Michigan. Located in Wayne County, the Detroit Community possesses a population of over 713777 civilians in the city (City of Detroit, 2013). The community bases its vision and goals set on the creation of a community that protects its civilians against effects of substance abuse. Thus, the vision of the Detroit community is to ensure that the community’s capacities are sustained to lessen the amount of deaths related to alcohol-related automobile accidents, juvenile drinking prevalence and issues of substance abuse in the community. Question 2 The Cleveland Community possesses a vision that it seeks to accomplish before 2020. The vision is based on propelling the community’s status to become one of the major cities in the state of Ohio. Accordingly, Cleveland focuses on alleviating its vision by ensuring that it accomplishes its goals of being the preferred choice for residents and foreigners alike. Additionally, the goal of the community is a prospect conceived and supported by the city’s incumbent administration. Thus, the vision of the Cleveland Community is ensuring that it becomes a Community of Choice for its residents and foreigners alike. Being a Community of Choice according to the Cleveland administration means that persons residing within the neighborhood as well as persons visiting the community find Cleveland to be a place that caters for the diverse needs and requirements. Hence, residents and visitors alike will deem Cleveland as a preferred choice due to the availability and accessibility of t he amenities it provides, which in turn assist the people in fulfilling their personal objectives. Typically, the input used in the definition of a vision is the fundamental aspect that is capable of influencing the manner in which the vision is articulated. Therefore, the inputs create the foundation that will determine the contents of the respective vision. The vision of the Cleveland Community implies Vitality, Vibrancy and Connection. These three factors are the main inputs that define the community’s vision. This is because they determine the prospects that the community possesses in order to achieve their desired states. Additionally, the inputs of Vitality, Vibrancy and Connection in the community’s vision allow for understanding and inculcation of specific components that are relevant in performing according to the vision of the community. The vision of the Cleveland community is centered on three factors. The first factor is Vitality. Based on vitality, the vision is based on making Cleveland community an important community that possesses a prosperous economy defined by novel employment opportunities in information technology, product design, expert services, superior manufacturing, medical research and health care. The second factor based on Vibrancy embarks on making Cleveland a 24-hour area with a lively downtown and centers within the neighborhood that will enable people to shop, work, eat and visit places that provide accessible transportation. The last factor involves Connection. The Cleveland community seeks to become a community that ensures residents maintain connection to all available amenities and concurrently maintain connections with one another. Question 3 The objectives relating to the vision of the Cleveland community are based on ensuring that residents and enterprises are catered to positively in order to facilitate the community’s vision. The community possesses several objectives that it seeks to accomplish in the year 2020. Foremost, Cleveland plans to be the main center of advanced manufacturing. Secondly, the community plans to be the pioneer in education improvement via partnerships. Thirdly, Cleveland plans to be a community with racial diversity and enough space to attract prominent entrepreneurs. Fourth, Cleveland plans to ensure supplementary and objective security in the neighborhood. Additionally, Cleveland plans to ensure sustainable development that will be focused on approving vital infrastructures such as its transportation network. Moreover, Cleveland plans to ensure that more employment opportunities are created. The community also plans to make the neighborhood a center for creative art and culture. The co mmunity also plans to ensure that its residents live a fit lifestyle through creation of bike paths, walkable routes and recreational facilities. Question 4 In order to ensure that the objectives are fulfilled, Cleveland has been embarking on activities that facilitate the long-term plans. Based on advanced manufacturing, Cleveland has invested considerably in acquiring novel technologies for existing industries. The community has also formed partnerships that will assist in providing resources based on students’ needs in order to facilitate education. Cleveland has also expanded institutions such as Cleveland Orchestra in order to facilitate art and culture in the community. Moreover, the community has engaged in environmental projects that focus on ensuring a healthy life for the environment and at the same time creates healthy lifestyles for residents through development of bike paths and provision of recreation activities for residents of all ages and sizes. Works Cited City of Detroit. n.p, n.d. Web. 28 Feb 2012. Community Sustainability Program: Santa Monica. Sustainable Works, n.d. Web. 28 Feb 2012. Meyer, Michael D, and Eric J. Miller. Urban Transportation Planning. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Print. The City of Cleveland. n.p, n.d. Web. 28 Feb 2012.

Citas con USCIS para informacin migratoria - INFOPASS

Citas con USCIS para informacin migratoria - INFOPASS Los empleados del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) pueden ser la mejor fuente de informacià ³n para resolver dudas migratorias generales o para informar sobre estado del caso. Si se desea cerrar una cita para presentarse en una oficina del USCIS se puede hacer desde casa, ingresando por internet en la pgina oficial de este organismo en el apartado de InfoPass. Sin duda esta puede ser una buena opcià ³n para obtener informacià ³n de inmigracià ³n de calidad, aunque conviene tener muy presente que el USCIS nunca va a actuar como asesor legal. Para eso estn los abogados, que cada persona debe elegir libremente, si desea contar con ese servicio. Cà ³mo se cierrauna cita con InfoPass En la pgina del USCIS, hay una opcià ³n en la barra izquierda de la pantalla para elegir el idioma, entre los que estn incluidos el espaà ±ol y el inglà ©s. Debern rellenarse los campos en los que se pide que se escriba el nombre de la persona que va a acudir a la cita, su nà ºmero de telà ©fono, su fecha de nacimiento y el cà ³digo postal (zip code) en el que reside. InfoPass ofrece citas para, aproximadamente, dos semanas despuà ©s. Se puede elegir el dà ­a y la hora que ms convienen, si estn disponibles. Al finalizar el proceso de solicitud de cita, aparecer en la pantalla una confirmacià ³n de la misma en la que se incluye el dà ­a, fecha y lugar en el que hay que presentarse. Esta informacià ³n debe imprimirse y llevarla a la entrevista con el oficial del USCIS. Si se pierde la hoja, debe imprimirse otra volviendo a entrar en Info Pass. Si se pide una cita para ms de una persona, el sistema no admite que se pueda cerrar una seguida de la otra. Deber esperarse al menos media hora para realizar las citas. O tambià ©n es posible hacerlo inmediatamente si se utiliza o bien otra computadora o bien un navegador distinto. Por ejemplo, utilizar Explorer o Firefox para la primera vez y Chrome para la segunda.  ¿Por quà © Info Pass no me permite cerrar una cita? Es relativamente comà ºn que cuando se intenta utilizar Info Pass se obtiene un mensaje de error. Esto es porque el sistema est al mximo de su capacidad. Se puede intentar varias veces, hasta que funcione o bien se puede intentar en las horas de la madrugada. Menos personas lo intentan en esos momentos lo que hace ms probable que el sistema funcione adecuadamente.  ¿Quà © pasa si surge un imprevisto y no puedo acudir a la cita con el USCIS? Se puede cambiar el dà ­a y la hora de la cita. Basta con entrar de nuevo en la pgina de INFOPASS y hacer los cambios necesarios. Se necesita tener a mano la hoja impresa con la confirmacià ³n de la cita inicial, ya que à ©sta contiene un nà ºmero de confirmacià ³n que es necesario saber para hacer el cambio de cita para la entrevista en el USCIS.  ¿Quà © se debe llevar a la cita con el USCIS? 1. Todos los documentos relativos a la pregunta que se quiere formular. Si el original est en un idioma distinto al inglà ©s, debe traducirse. 2. La hoja de confirmacià ³n de la cita de Info Pass. 3. Una identificacià ³n oficial como por ejemplo la green card, el pasaporte, el I-94, la licencia de manejar del estado en el que se reside, el permiso de trabajo o cualquier otro I.D. emitido por las autoridades americanas. 4 .Es posible ir acompaà ±ado de una persona que haga de intà ©rprete, si no se entiende o habla bien el inglà ©s. Puede ser un familiar o un amigo, pero tiene que ser mayor de 21 aà ±os. Presentarse sin cita en una oficina del USCIS Si se necesita hacer la consulta con carcter de  urgencia  siempre es posible acudir a las oficinas locales del USCIS y esperar en fila hasta que un oficial pueda atender la pregunta.   A veces la  espera  dura horas e incluso es posible que se deba volver al dà ­a siguiente y hacer la espera de nuevo. Esto ocurre cuando el mismo dà ­a y en la misma delegacià ³n de Inmigracià ³n hay un nà ºmero muy grande de personas esperando para hacer su consulta. Otras formas de obtener informacià ³n migratoria Si la pregunta se refiere al estatus de un caso pendiente, el proceso a seguir es otro. Permitià ©ndose consultas electrà ³nicas, telefà ³nicas y, por supuesto, en persona. Si la duda se refiere a los tiempos medio de demora para trmites, estas  son las demoras migratorias para peticiones de green card  de familia, trmites de visas, solicitudes al USCIS, y retrasos en las cortes. Si lo que se busca es informacià ³n sobre el rà ©cord migratorio, hay varias formas de obtenerlo, dependiendo de quà © oficina tenga la informacià ³n.   Por otro lado, si lo que se desea es encontrar a una persona que puede estar detenida por Inmigracià ³n, entonces el lugar correcto para preguntar no es USCIS, que no se ocupa de esos asuntos. El camino correcto es contactar con ICE. Finalmente, los mexicanos sin importar su estatus migratorio en los Estados Unidos pueden marcar gratuitamente a un telà ©fono pagado por el sistema consular de su paà ­s. Brinda ayuda importante sobre cà ³mo obtener informacià ³n e incluso realizan ellos gestiones. Finalmente, este es un listado con 10 telà ©fonos en los que se puede resolver dudas migratorias, denunciar fraudes u obtener otra informacià ³n oficial. Consejos importantes para indocumentados Si no tiene todos los documentos en regla y se est ilegalmente en los Estados Unidos se aconseja que no se presente  voluntariamente en el USCIS para hacer una pregunta. Consulte a un abogado de inmigracià ³n o con una organizacià ³n reputada de apoyo a migrantes con servicio de asesorà ­a legal. La razà ³n para no presentarse en las oficinas en las oficinas del USCIS es que se trata de un edificio federal y pedirn que toda persona se identifique con un documento que de un modo u otro muestre estatus migratorio en el paà ­s. Podrà ­a darse el caso de que se arrestase al migrante indocumentado.

Health care and health insurance system in Canada- Comparison to Research Paper

Health care and health insurance system in Canada- Comparison to private Insurance Model - Research Paper Example It offers complete access to health care for all its citizens, by spending only 10.4% of its GDP. (The WHO website, 2014) This report aims at presenting a comprehensive overview of the Canadian health care and health insurance system, along with its comparative analysis with the private health insurance model. The Canadian healthcare system was established by the Canada Health Act which was adopted in 1984. According to the Act â€Å"the primary objective of Canadian health care policy is to protect, promote and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers.† (Canada Health Act, 1984: Section 3) For the most part publicly financed, this system is a single-payer system, consisting of thirteen provincial and territorial health plans. These regional plans are interconnected in terms of their compliance with the national principles laid down at the federal level. The Canadian government offers healthcare policy on a prepaid basis to all its eligible citizens, with no direct charges levied at the point of service. As a result, the Canadians have an equitable access to all sorts of health insured services. The role played by the federal government of Canada is very crucial in the smooth operations of its healthcare system. The federal government if the sole authority that lays down as well as implements the national codes or criteria for the insured health care services. It enables fund transfers to extend financial assistance to the provincial and territorial health care services. It arranges for direct health care services for certain niche groups of the nation such as the First Nation persons, federal prisoners and military personnel. Apart from all these direct functions, the federal government also gets involved in various allied activities like health promotion, health protection, and disease prevention. (Canada Health Act,

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 60

Reflection - Essay Example By studying English 102, I managed to acquire outstanding skills essential in research. These encompass structuring my work into relevant and specific sections that will enable it understandable not only to me but also to those who may refer it in future. Being a law student, this experience coupled with varied skills that I have so far acquired will be extremely helpful throughout my academic life. This is especially in terms of research whereby in law one cannot in anyway manage to be both proficient and competent if he or she lacks strong research foundation. This is because he or she will have to consult varied already determined cases meant to convince and put forth certain aspects when arguing or trying to relay certain verdict (Albright & Putman 6). This encompasses skimming enormous chucks of information to get the right and viable data meant to support one’s argument. Since, this is what determines a competent law person. Besides competency and proficiency in research, I will also take away with me impeccable English. However, this is a journey whereby each day I have work on with intention of adequate improvement as well as acquiring new aspects. Similar to any phase of life that presents both easy and challenging periods, mine was no different. I realized that I was devoid of convincing power. Hence, not managing to relay my arguments coupled with supporting facts even if they seem unrealistic. This prompted me opting to be silent in some situations especially when I was very new but have improved whereby in future I will be an excellent debater. What I have acquired throughout this process was that, each trait or proficiency one intends to have entails hard work coupled with sheer resolution to keep on improving daily. Therefore, suppose I had to take this class for the second time, I will not opt to remain silent as I did

Ethics in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Ethics in Criminal Justice - Essay Example Blagojevich was, ultimately, found guilty of nearly 20 different counts of soliciting bribes, conspiracy to illicit and accept bribes, wire fraud, conspiracy to commit extortion, and attempted extortion.(Davey, and Emma G. Fitzsimmons ) But why does it exist? What causes people within politics to attempt such acts? What can be done to deter and prevent it? In order to get the answers to these questions it is necessary to understand more about corruption in government. Political corruption has a very strict definition, in that it involves political decision makers at high levels of the political system. When the people who are charged with the responsibility of making and upholding the laws are the very people who are corrupt, that is political corruption. It is widely accepted that corruption and the temptation to commit it is highly dependent on a person’s ability to believe they can successfully â€Å"get away with it.† The act of bribery, extortion, selling votes, accepting gifts and kickbacks are all reprehensible behaviors that can undermine the people’s faith in their elected officials. The overall cost of corruption is, also, rather high, and manifest in three typical ways. The first is, is the funds required to finance the bribes to get the favorable treatment , financing meetings, maintaining silence, and negotiating all add cost to whatever endeavor the involved group are attempting to illicit. The second, corruptio n can undermine the efficiency of the free market. Lastly, it can misrepresent resources towards the projects that generate â€Å"payoffs.†(Lanza, 2004) There are two ways that are encouraged to help curtail and deter corruption. The first is eliminating opportunity. Much in the way businesses are working harder and harder to fortify their companies from potential fraud. They structure their company to make the likelihood of successfully succeeding in committing fraud more and more risky to attempt.

Concepts and Theories of Entrepreneurship

Concepts and Theories of Entrepreneurship ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS (OMAN) 1 Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Definition of Entrepreneur: The term entrepreneur is derived from the French verb ‘enterprenedre. It means to undertake. In the early 16th century, the Frenchmen who organized and led military expeditions were referred to as entrepreneurs. Around 1700A.D, the term was used for architects and contractors of public works. An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes and operates anew enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks. A female entrepreneur is sometimes referred to an â€Å"entrepreneuse†. Entrepreneur is a person who creates and manages change by the recognition of opportunities (needs, wants, problems, and challenges) and develops people and manages resources to take advantage of the opportunity and creates a venture. The term entrepreneur was applied to business initially by the French economist, Cantillon, in the 18th century, to designate a dealer who purchases the means of production form combining them into marketable products. Concept of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is a process undertaken by an entrepreneur to augment his business interest. It is an exercise involving innovation and creativity that will go towards establishing his/her enterprise. One of the qualities of entrepreneurship is the ability to discover an investment opportunity and to organize an enterprise, thereby contributing to discover an investment growth. It involves taking of risks and making the necessary investments under conditions of uncertainty and innovating, planning, and taking decisions so as to increase production in agriculture, business and industry etc. Entrepreneurship is the composite skill, the resultant of a mix of many qualities and traits these include tangible factors as imagination, readiness to take risks. Ability to bring together and put to use other factors of production, capital, labor, land, and also tangible factors such as the ability to mobilize scientific and technological advances. Intrapreneurs: Of late a new breed of corporate entrepreneurs has come to the force in large organizations are called as â€Å"intrapreneurs†. They are entrepreneurs who catch hold of a new idea for a product, service, or process and work to bring this idea to fruition within the framework of the organization. Intrapreneurs with their innovations and dedicated effort are perceived as a valuable asset by the organization, inspiring others. He serves as a champion to others in the organization. In America, a number of intrapreneurs are leaving their jobs to start their own ventures. It is found that many are exceedingly successful in their new ventures and they are causing threat to the companies they left a few years ago. Difference between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur: Difference Entrepreneur Intrapreneur 1. Dependency An entrepreneur is independent He is dependent on the entrepreneur. i.e., owner 2. Raising of funds They can raise fund required for the enterprise Funds are not raised 3. Risk He/She bears the risk involved I the business An intrapreneur does not fully bear the risk 4. Operations He/She operates from outside He/She operates from within the organization itself Distinction between an Entrepreneur and a Manager Factors Entrepreneur Manager 1. Motive The main motive is to start a venture by setting up an enterprise. He understands the venture for his personal gratification. The main motive of a manager is to render his services in an enterprise already set up by someone else 2. Status He is the owner of enterprise A manger is the servant in the enterprise owned by the entrepreneur 3. Risk bearing He being the owner of the enterprise assumes all risks and uncertainty involved in running the enterprise A manager as a servant does not bear any risk involved in the enterprise 4. Rewards The reward that he gets for bearing risks involved in the enterprise is profit which is highly uncertain A manager gets salary as reward for the services rendered by him in the enterprise, which is fixed and certain 5. Innovation He himself thinks over what and how to produce goods to meet then changing demands of the customers. Hence, he acts as an innovator also called a change agent Manager simply executes the plan prepared by the entrepreneur and translates the entrepreneurs ideas into practice 6. Qualifications He needs to possess qualities and qualification like high achievement, motive, originality in thinking, foresight, risk bearing ability and so on. On the contrary, manager needs to possess distinct qualification in terms of sound knowledge in management theory and practice. Difference between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Refers to a person Visualiser Creator Organizer Innovator Technician Initiator Decision maker Planner Leader Motivator Programmer Risk taker Communicator Administrator Refers to a process Vision Creation Organization Innovation Technology Initiative Decision Planning Leadership Motivation Action Risk taking Communication Administration Skills required for an Entrepreneur: 1. Technical skills: Written and oral communication Monitoring environment Technical Business Management Effective Interpersonal relationship Effective Listening Ability to organize Network Building Management Styles Coaching Being an effective team player 2. Business Management Skills Planning and goal setting Decision making Human Relations Marketing finance Accounting Management Control Negotiation Management growth 3. Personal entrepreneurial skills Self discipline Risk taking attitude Being creative Logical and analytical Persistent Visionary leader Ability to manage change Articulate Characteristics of an Entrepreneur: Mental ability consists of intelligence and creative thinking. An entrepreneur must be reasonably intelligent, and should have creative thinking and must be able to engage in the analysis of various problems and situations in order to deal with them. Clear Objectives: An entrepreneur should have clear objectives as to the exact nature of the goods to be produced and subsidiary activities to be undertaken. Business secrecy: An entrepreneur must be able to guard business secrets. Leakage of business secrets to trade competitors is a serious matter which should be carefully guarded against by an entrepreneur. Human relations ability: An entrepreneur must maintain good relations with his customers if he is to establish relations that will encourage them to continue to patronize his business. He must also maintain good relations with his employees if he is to motivate them to perform their jobs at a high level of efficiency. Communication ability: An entrepreneur who can effectively communicate with the customers, employees, suppliers and creditors will be more likely to succeed than the one who does not. Technical knowledge: An entrepreneur must have a reasonable level of technical knowledge. Other main characteristics Self confident and optimistic Able to take calculated risk Prepared to take risks Respond positively to challenges Flexible and able to adapt Knowledgeable of markets Versatile knowledge Able to get along well with others Independent minded Energetic and diligent Creative, need to achieve Dynamic leader Responsive to suggestions Take initiatives Resourceful and persevering Perceptive with foresight Responsive to criticism Ability to organize and administer efficiently Significance/importance of entrepreneurship: Economic Development: Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development of every country. It enables continual improvement of societies and their organizations entrepreneurship Developing personal relationships: Small businesses are well placed to build personal relationships with customers, employees and suppliers. Responding flexibility to problems and challenges Inventiveness and innovation: Small businesses are well positioned to introduce and develop new ideas. This is due to their owners not having to report or seek approval from anyone else. For Example, When Anitha Roddick set up The Body Shop; she developed a range of environmentally friendly cosmetics in unsophisticated packaging. Due to the innovation in the packaging style her products are considered to be No: 1 in terms of quality and package. It invigorates markets: The formation of new business leads to job creation and has a multiplying effect on the economy. It empowers citizens, generates innovation and changes mindsets. These changes have the potential to integrate developing countries into the global economy. Classification and Type of Entrepreneurs: 1. Innovative Entrepreneurs It is a type of entrepreneur, who launches new products, discovers new markets, establishes new methods of production and restructures the enterprise. He can work only when definite level of progress has been previously accomplished. They focus on revolutionalisation and development. It is characterized by aggressive assembling of information and the analysis of results derived from novel combination of factors. 2. Imitative Entrepreneurs: They adopt victorious innovations launched by the innovative entrepreneurs. They duplicate the technology and techniques innovated by others and they are suitable for underdeveloped countries. They are characterized by readiness to adopt successful innovations, by innovating entrepreneurs. They are adoptive and more flexible. 3. Fabian Entrepreneurs: They are exemplified by great caution and skepticism in experimenting any change in the organization. They imitate only in situations where it becomes necessary to do so. They imitate only in situations where it becomes necessary to do so. They are exhibited by precaution and skepticism in practicing any change they have neither the will to introduce new changes not any desire to adopt new methods, innovated by the most enterprising entrepreneurs. Dealings are determined by customs, religion, tradition and past practices. They are not much interested in taking risks or changes and they try to follow the beaten tack created by the footsteps of their predecessors. 4. Drone Entrepreneurs: They suffer losses, as they refuse to make any modifications in the existing production methods. They are exhibited by refusal to adopt and use opportunities to make changes in production. They are willing to suffer losses but they do not make changes in the production methods adopted by them. Also called as laggards because they continue in their traditional ways and in fields; their product loses its marketability soon. 5. Solo Entrepreneurs: They basically work alone and if required may recruit few people. 6. Active partners: They set up an enterprise as a joint venture and they actively take part in the activities of the organization. 7. Simply partners: They contribute funds, but are not involved in the operations of the enterprise. 8. Inventors: They are involved in the research and development and innovative activities. 9. Buyers: These entrepreneurs in order to reduce risk buy an already established and ongoing enterprise. 10. Life timers: They take business as primary part of their life. Family enterprise falls into this group of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs according to the type of business: 1. Business Entrepreneur: They are the individuals who conceive an idea for a new product or service and then create a business to materialize their idea into reality. They tap both production and marketing resources in their search to develop a new business opportunity. 2. Trading Entrepreneur: They are the one who undertakes trading activities and is not concerned with the manufacturing work. He identifies potential markets, simulates demand for his product line and creates a desire and interest among buyers to go in for his product. He is engaged in both domestic and overseas trade. 3. Industrial Entrepreneur: It is essentially a manufacturer who identifies the potential needs of customers and tailors a product or service to meet the marketing needs. He is a product-oriented man who starts in an industrial unit because of the possibility of making some new product. The entrepreneur has the ability to convert economic resources and technology into a considerably profitable venture. E.g., Electronic industry, textile units, machine tools and the like. 4. Corporate Entrepreneur: It is a person who demonstrates his innovative skill in organizing and managing corporate undertaking. A corporate undertaking is a form of business organization which is registered under some statute or Act which gives it a separate legal entity. 5. Agricultural Entrepreneur: They are those who undertake agricultural activities as raising and marketing of crops, fertilizers and other inputs of agriculture. They are motivated to raise agricultural through mechanization, irrigation and application of technologies for dry and agriculture products. Entrepreneurs in Technology: (Refer the Book) Technical Entrepreneur Non technical entrepreneur Professional Entrepreneur Entrepreneurs and motivation: (Refer the Book) Pure entrepreneur Induced entrepreneur Motivated entrepreneur Spontaneous entrepreneur Growth and Entrepreneurs: (Refer the Book) Growth entrepreneur Super growth entrepreneur Entrepreneur and stages of development: (Refer the Book) First generation entrepreneur Modern Entrepreneur Classical entrepreneur Entrepreneurial competencies: The characteristics possessed by an entrepreneur which result in superior performance are called Entrepreneurial competencies or traits. Knowledge, skill and motive are the components of competencies. These competencies can be developed and sharpened. These can be injected in human beings through education and training. Practice helps develop competencies. Thus it is rightly said that Entrepreneurs are made and not born. Some of the major entrepreneurial competencies are : a) The individuals capacity for the pursuit of effective personal entrepreneurial behavior b) The way that they design the organization to maximize the potential for effective entrepreneurial behaviour by all staff c) The way that they design the organization to enable it respond to, and indeed shape, the dynamics of the task structure and interdependencies confronting it d) The way that the entrepreneur shapes the capacity of the business to develop and innovate over time. e) The degree to which the above are pursued in a socially responsible way thus laying the ground for wider acceptance of entrepreneurial ways of doing things in business and society. f) Initiative: acting out of choice rather than compulsion, taking the lead rather than waiting for others to start. g) Sees and acts on opportunities. A mindset where one is trained to look for business opportunities from everyday experiences. h) Persistence A never say die attitude, not giving up easily, striving information seeking continuously until success is achieved. i) Knowing: Knowing who knows, consulting experts, reading relevant material and an overall openness to ideas and information. j) Concern for High Quality of Work k) Commitment to work Contract: Taking personal pains to complete a task as scheduled. l) Efficiency Orientation: concern for conservation of time, money and effort. m) Systematic Planning n) Problem solving o) Self confidence p) Assertiveness q) Persuasion r) Use of Influence Strategies s) Monitoring t) Concern for Employee welfare Entrepreneurial Development is a key to achieve overall economic development through higher level of industrial activity. Many studies have shown that entrepreneurs are made. Entrepreneurial development is a process in which persons are injected with motivational drives of achievement and in sight to tackle uncertain and risky situations especially in business undertakings. The process of entrepreneurial development focuses on training, education, reorientation and creation of conducive and healthy environment for the growth of enterprises. Entrepreneurial competence makes all the different to the rate of economic growth this call for the entrepreneurs potential inputs to boost the economic development of a country Functions of Entrepreneur Idea generation and scanning of the best suitable idea Determination of the business objectives Product analysis and market research Determination of form of ownership/organization Completion of promotional formalities Raising necessary funds Procuring machine and material Recruitment of men Undertaking the business operations Arthur H. Cole has given the following functions of Entrepreneur: Determination of objectives and change of those objectives as conditions required or made advantageous Development of the organization, including efficient relations with subordinates and all employees Securing adequate finance resources and maintaining good relations with the existing and potential investors Requisition of efficient technological equipment Development of a market for the products Maintenance of good relations with the public authorities and society at large Major functions of Entrepreneur Innovation Doing new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way. It includes new processes of production, introduction of new products, relation of new markets, discovery of a new and better form of industrial organization Risk bearing Making provisions for capital in order to enable the entrepreneur to reduce uncertainty in his plan of investment and expansion of the enterprise Organization and management of business so as to have leadership and control over it. MODULE 2 ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT ____________________________________________________________________ (Entrepreneurial Process, Entrepreneurial Environment, Institutional Support for small business in Oman) _____________________________________________________________________ Entrepreneurial Process: The process of entrepreneurship involves both analytical and creative activities. According to Pierce and Dunham, the entrepreneurial process takes place in four sequential steps: Step 1: Solo Phase During this step, the typical entrepreneur works alone. The first task for the entrepreneur is to clearly identify the entrepreneurial idea. Then, the idea is developed and subjected to three feasibility tests. Will the idea provide clearly identifiable benefits for customer or clients? Is the idea compatible with the organizations resources and overall strategy? Are the idea and its potential implementation compatible with the entrepreneurs personal character and skills? Step 2: Network Phase During this step the entrepreneur shares the idea with o0ther organizational members, seeking feedback and suggestions for improvement of the idea. Step 3: Bootlegging Phase During this step, the entrepreneur begins to form a project team and some levels of product prototype development outside the normal operational mode of the company. Step 4: Formal Team Phase During this step, the idea becomes a formal organizational venture with formal organizational support. Entrepreneurial Environment: It refers to the various facets within which big, medium, and small enterprises and others have to operate. Entrepreneurial environment is broadly classified into six important segments, namely: 1) Political environment 2) Economic environment 3) Social environment 4) Technological environment 5) Legal environment 6) Cultural environment. 1) Political environment: It affects the entrepreneurial growth and accelerates the process of economic activity. Law and order is of high priority, followed by Government policies in regard to the promotion of entrepreneurship, followed by incentives, encouragement and right institutional structure will go a long way in fostering entrepreneurship. 2) Economic environment: It encompasses a wide spectrum of items, namely, land, availability of raw material, skilled labour, infrastructure, machinery, capital and so on. Shortage of raw materials, inferior quality, high price resulting in high cost of production are bringing had name to the small industry. Without raw materials, no industry can run and no entrepreneurship would come up. The benefits of an improved and healthy market conditions in the environment of entrepreneurial growth are self-explanatory. 3. Social environment: It strongly affects the entrepreneurial behaviour which contributes to entrepreneurial growth. The social factors can be family background, kith and kin (relatives, friends and teachers), religion, social status, social mobility and social marginality. 4. Technological environment: It represents the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. The technological advancement has become a catalytic agent in the promotion of entrepreneurship growth of industrial and allied services and agriculture. Further, it brings cultural changes as well as the quality of life. The Knowledge Revolution has made it possible to routine processes a shift from the traditional manual control of conventional machinery for using the computer brain to operate the machinery. Computer software is an alternate way to reorganize traditional work processes, through application of overseeing knowledge aided by systematic, logical analysis. 5. Legal environment: Registration, licensing, pollution, location, acquisition, payment of wages and labour related laws, pollution and environmental rules, laws relating to organization, product, patent, resource and taxes. According to a recent study, there are over 150 legal requirements an entrepreneur has to take care off. 6. Cultural environment: Every organization has an invisible quality, certain style, and character, a way of doing things that may be more powerful than the dictates of any one person or a formal system. This invisible quality the corporate culture decides how effective the organization is in the marketplace. Max Weber emphasizes that cultural factors have a crippling effect on entrepreneurial growth. Culture consists of (i) tangible man made objects like furniture, buildings etc. (ii) intangible concepts like laws, morals, knowledge etc. (iii) values and behavior acceptable within the society. Institutional support for small businesses in Oman: Incentives: One of the incentives is the annual award of the Sultans Cup for Industry. In 1999, the five winners were the Oman Cement Company, Raysut Cement Company, Oman Flour Mills Company, in the top category, with Jotun Paints and Oman Filters Industry taking best factories awards in the second category. Certificates of Merit were awarded to Oman Cables Industry Company, Amiantit Oman and National Detergent Company from the first category, and Sadolin Paints and Al-Hassan Switchgear Factory from the second category. In 1998, the criteria for awarding His Majesty, the Sultans Cup were changed to take account of a companys Omanisation plan. Companies should not fall below the 35% target set for the industrial sector. Companies in the first category are those with over RO3 million invested. The Ministry evaluated 27 factories, taking into account a number of other criteria such as added value, the use of local raw material, percentage of exports, quality etc, as well as considering safety standards and environmental protection. Public /establishment for Industrial Estate (PEIE): In 1993 the Public Establishment for Industrial Estates (PEIE) was created by Royal Decree giving a significant boost to industry by developing additional industrial estates and encouraging the private sector to participate in the industrialization of Oman. There are five industrial estates at present namely Rusayl, Sohar, Raysut, Nizwa and al-Buraimi, Sur. but more are being planned all over the country in towns like Khasab and Qalhat. PEIE has commissioned a consultant to prepare a feasibility study for these three new industrial estates. In April 2000, the Ministry announced that a study had been carried out to privatize the industrial estates, transforming them into public companies, but for the time being, the Government will continue to develop them and has allocated around RO200 million for the purpose. Rusayl: Rusayl was the first industrial estate in Oman, established in 1983, and becoming operational in 1985. It is situated about 45 kms from the Capital Area and the port of Mina Sultan Qaboos. It is close to Seeb Airport and easily accessible from the main road network. Amongst the many other services provided, an important feature is the nearby housing complex for over 1000 workers, complete with shops, supermarket, cinema, mosque, leisure centre and football pitch. Separate accommodation was recently constructed within the estate for female workers. There are 107 industries in operation on the Rusayl Estate and five more under construction, with over 40 projects being evaluated. The factories in operation are producing chemicals, electrical and building materials, paints, textiles and garments, computer stationery, aluminum products, car batteries, steel assemblies and poly products, amongst others. Sohar: Sohar Industrial Estate is situated 220 kms from Muscat and 180 kms from Dubai, linked to both by an international highway. Thanks to its strategic location it is attractive to potential investors. Apart from the major projects now being implemented there are 28 industries in production, 18 under construction and 44 projects coming up in the near future. Industries on the Sohar estate produce a wide range of products, such as foodstuffs, detergents, leather goods, furniture, toothpaste, ice cream, resins, glass, steel bars and engine oil. Potential products may include jewellery, roof cladding, baby food, sweets, sports shoes and polythene bags. Raysut: Inaugurated in 1992, the Raysut industrial estate is situated in Dhofar, 15 kms from Salalah, close to the sea and the new container port. The border with Yemen is only 200 kms away and will be approached by a new tarmac road across from Thumrait to al-Mazyounah, which is under construction. Port Salalah is ideally situated on the sea lanes connecting Europe, East Africa, Yemen and the Far East. A free zone has been established at al-Mazyounah which will make Raysut even more attractive as an entrepot destination. The industrial estate has been divided into zones so that any chemical pollution is kept well away from cleaner industries. There are five factories in operation, manufacturing school stationery, box files, ice, fish processing, frozen chickens, PVC pipes and steel fabrication. Nizwa: Nizwa Industrial Estate was inaugurated in 1994. It is situated 180 kms from Muscat and only 15 kms from Nizwa itself. Being the latest estate to be established, there are five pre-fabricated buildings for ceramic tiles, paper products and foodstuffs manufacture. Nine applications have been made for a plot on the Estate and these are currently being evaluated. The Estate is to be enlarged over the next Five-Year Plan. Future projects may include leather goods, novelties, military badges, pharmaceuticals, surgical gloves, chemicals and disinfectants. Al-Buraimi: During the 29th National Celebrations, the al-Buraimi Industrial Estate was officially opened. The Estate is 325 kms from Muscat but conveniently situated for the Gulf markets. There are three factories in operation. Sur: In addition to the Oman LNG project, a fertilizer plant is to be built at Qalhat near Sur with a capacity to produce 1.65 million tonnes of urea and 250,000 tonnes of excess ammonia per annum from natural gas for export. The preliminary work on the project arrangements has been completed and the major activity is to secure the finance needed through lenders and export credit agencies to supplement the equity capital of the partners in the project. Around RO375 million will be invested in the project. It is estimated that one trillion cubic feet of gas will be required for the project over a 20 year period. The plant will employ some 450 staff of whom about half will be Omanis during the initial operating period. Al Mazunah: Al Mazunah Free Zone commenced operations in November 1999 and is located in Omans southern region of Dhofar, close to the Yemen border. The Free Zone is located 260 kilometers from Salalah, 245 kilometers from Al Gaydah and 500 kilometers from Sayun, the two closest Yemeni cities. Given the nature of the Free Zone it lays outside the lit of Omans tax boundaries, and as such, businesses are able to enter Al Mazunah without visa or completing border procedures between Oman and Yemen. Indeed, Al Mazunah offers excellent opportunities to those wishing to trade goods through Oman into Yemen, or locate warehouse facilities. The Free Zone occupies 450 hectares which is divided into 100 plots ranging in size from 2,000 to 16,000 square meters. To date, 21 businesses and an exhibition area are in operation on the Free Zone. Sanad Programme: With the kind directions of H.M. Sultan Qaboos Bin Said, for the great importance of enhancing the role of Omani manpower in the development of the country and for the purpose of creating business opportunities for Omanis who are able to take interest in work, Sanad programme is established to work under the supervision of the Ministry of Manpower and execute the following duties: Objectives OF SANAD: Contributing to the employment of the natio Concepts and Theories of Entrepreneurship Concepts and Theories of Entrepreneurship ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS (OMAN) 1 Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Definition of Entrepreneur: The term entrepreneur is derived from the French verb ‘enterprenedre. It means to undertake. In the early 16th century, the Frenchmen who organized and led military expeditions were referred to as entrepreneurs. Around 1700A.D, the term was used for architects and contractors of public works. An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes and operates anew enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks. A female entrepreneur is sometimes referred to an â€Å"entrepreneuse†. Entrepreneur is a person who creates and manages change by the recognition of opportunities (needs, wants, problems, and challenges) and develops people and manages resources to take advantage of the opportunity and creates a venture. The term entrepreneur was applied to business initially by the French economist, Cantillon, in the 18th century, to designate a dealer who purchases the means of production form combining them into marketable products. Concept of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is a process undertaken by an entrepreneur to augment his business interest. It is an exercise involving innovation and creativity that will go towards establishing his/her enterprise. One of the qualities of entrepreneurship is the ability to discover an investment opportunity and to organize an enterprise, thereby contributing to discover an investment growth. It involves taking of risks and making the necessary investments under conditions of uncertainty and innovating, planning, and taking decisions so as to increase production in agriculture, business and industry etc. Entrepreneurship is the composite skill, the resultant of a mix of many qualities and traits these include tangible factors as imagination, readiness to take risks. Ability to bring together and put to use other factors of production, capital, labor, land, and also tangible factors such as the ability to mobilize scientific and technological advances. Intrapreneurs: Of late a new breed of corporate entrepreneurs has come to the force in large organizations are called as â€Å"intrapreneurs†. They are entrepreneurs who catch hold of a new idea for a product, service, or process and work to bring this idea to fruition within the framework of the organization. Intrapreneurs with their innovations and dedicated effort are perceived as a valuable asset by the organization, inspiring others. He serves as a champion to others in the organization. In America, a number of intrapreneurs are leaving their jobs to start their own ventures. It is found that many are exceedingly successful in their new ventures and they are causing threat to the companies they left a few years ago. Difference between Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur: Difference Entrepreneur Intrapreneur 1. Dependency An entrepreneur is independent He is dependent on the entrepreneur. i.e., owner 2. Raising of funds They can raise fund required for the enterprise Funds are not raised 3. Risk He/She bears the risk involved I the business An intrapreneur does not fully bear the risk 4. Operations He/She operates from outside He/She operates from within the organization itself Distinction between an Entrepreneur and a Manager Factors Entrepreneur Manager 1. Motive The main motive is to start a venture by setting up an enterprise. He understands the venture for his personal gratification. The main motive of a manager is to render his services in an enterprise already set up by someone else 2. Status He is the owner of enterprise A manger is the servant in the enterprise owned by the entrepreneur 3. Risk bearing He being the owner of the enterprise assumes all risks and uncertainty involved in running the enterprise A manager as a servant does not bear any risk involved in the enterprise 4. Rewards The reward that he gets for bearing risks involved in the enterprise is profit which is highly uncertain A manager gets salary as reward for the services rendered by him in the enterprise, which is fixed and certain 5. Innovation He himself thinks over what and how to produce goods to meet then changing demands of the customers. Hence, he acts as an innovator also called a change agent Manager simply executes the plan prepared by the entrepreneur and translates the entrepreneurs ideas into practice 6. Qualifications He needs to possess qualities and qualification like high achievement, motive, originality in thinking, foresight, risk bearing ability and so on. On the contrary, manager needs to possess distinct qualification in terms of sound knowledge in management theory and practice. Difference between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship Refers to a person Visualiser Creator Organizer Innovator Technician Initiator Decision maker Planner Leader Motivator Programmer Risk taker Communicator Administrator Refers to a process Vision Creation Organization Innovation Technology Initiative Decision Planning Leadership Motivation Action Risk taking Communication Administration Skills required for an Entrepreneur: 1. Technical skills: Written and oral communication Monitoring environment Technical Business Management Effective Interpersonal relationship Effective Listening Ability to organize Network Building Management Styles Coaching Being an effective team player 2. Business Management Skills Planning and goal setting Decision making Human Relations Marketing finance Accounting Management Control Negotiation Management growth 3. Personal entrepreneurial skills Self discipline Risk taking attitude Being creative Logical and analytical Persistent Visionary leader Ability to manage change Articulate Characteristics of an Entrepreneur: Mental ability consists of intelligence and creative thinking. An entrepreneur must be reasonably intelligent, and should have creative thinking and must be able to engage in the analysis of various problems and situations in order to deal with them. Clear Objectives: An entrepreneur should have clear objectives as to the exact nature of the goods to be produced and subsidiary activities to be undertaken. Business secrecy: An entrepreneur must be able to guard business secrets. Leakage of business secrets to trade competitors is a serious matter which should be carefully guarded against by an entrepreneur. Human relations ability: An entrepreneur must maintain good relations with his customers if he is to establish relations that will encourage them to continue to patronize his business. He must also maintain good relations with his employees if he is to motivate them to perform their jobs at a high level of efficiency. Communication ability: An entrepreneur who can effectively communicate with the customers, employees, suppliers and creditors will be more likely to succeed than the one who does not. Technical knowledge: An entrepreneur must have a reasonable level of technical knowledge. Other main characteristics Self confident and optimistic Able to take calculated risk Prepared to take risks Respond positively to challenges Flexible and able to adapt Knowledgeable of markets Versatile knowledge Able to get along well with others Independent minded Energetic and diligent Creative, need to achieve Dynamic leader Responsive to suggestions Take initiatives Resourceful and persevering Perceptive with foresight Responsive to criticism Ability to organize and administer efficiently Significance/importance of entrepreneurship: Economic Development: Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development of every country. It enables continual improvement of societies and their organizations entrepreneurship Developing personal relationships: Small businesses are well placed to build personal relationships with customers, employees and suppliers. Responding flexibility to problems and challenges Inventiveness and innovation: Small businesses are well positioned to introduce and develop new ideas. This is due to their owners not having to report or seek approval from anyone else. For Example, When Anitha Roddick set up The Body Shop; she developed a range of environmentally friendly cosmetics in unsophisticated packaging. Due to the innovation in the packaging style her products are considered to be No: 1 in terms of quality and package. It invigorates markets: The formation of new business leads to job creation and has a multiplying effect on the economy. It empowers citizens, generates innovation and changes mindsets. These changes have the potential to integrate developing countries into the global economy. Classification and Type of Entrepreneurs: 1. Innovative Entrepreneurs It is a type of entrepreneur, who launches new products, discovers new markets, establishes new methods of production and restructures the enterprise. He can work only when definite level of progress has been previously accomplished. They focus on revolutionalisation and development. It is characterized by aggressive assembling of information and the analysis of results derived from novel combination of factors. 2. Imitative Entrepreneurs: They adopt victorious innovations launched by the innovative entrepreneurs. They duplicate the technology and techniques innovated by others and they are suitable for underdeveloped countries. They are characterized by readiness to adopt successful innovations, by innovating entrepreneurs. They are adoptive and more flexible. 3. Fabian Entrepreneurs: They are exemplified by great caution and skepticism in experimenting any change in the organization. They imitate only in situations where it becomes necessary to do so. They imitate only in situations where it becomes necessary to do so. They are exhibited by precaution and skepticism in practicing any change they have neither the will to introduce new changes not any desire to adopt new methods, innovated by the most enterprising entrepreneurs. Dealings are determined by customs, religion, tradition and past practices. They are not much interested in taking risks or changes and they try to follow the beaten tack created by the footsteps of their predecessors. 4. Drone Entrepreneurs: They suffer losses, as they refuse to make any modifications in the existing production methods. They are exhibited by refusal to adopt and use opportunities to make changes in production. They are willing to suffer losses but they do not make changes in the production methods adopted by them. Also called as laggards because they continue in their traditional ways and in fields; their product loses its marketability soon. 5. Solo Entrepreneurs: They basically work alone and if required may recruit few people. 6. Active partners: They set up an enterprise as a joint venture and they actively take part in the activities of the organization. 7. Simply partners: They contribute funds, but are not involved in the operations of the enterprise. 8. Inventors: They are involved in the research and development and innovative activities. 9. Buyers: These entrepreneurs in order to reduce risk buy an already established and ongoing enterprise. 10. Life timers: They take business as primary part of their life. Family enterprise falls into this group of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs according to the type of business: 1. Business Entrepreneur: They are the individuals who conceive an idea for a new product or service and then create a business to materialize their idea into reality. They tap both production and marketing resources in their search to develop a new business opportunity. 2. Trading Entrepreneur: They are the one who undertakes trading activities and is not concerned with the manufacturing work. He identifies potential markets, simulates demand for his product line and creates a desire and interest among buyers to go in for his product. He is engaged in both domestic and overseas trade. 3. Industrial Entrepreneur: It is essentially a manufacturer who identifies the potential needs of customers and tailors a product or service to meet the marketing needs. He is a product-oriented man who starts in an industrial unit because of the possibility of making some new product. The entrepreneur has the ability to convert economic resources and technology into a considerably profitable venture. E.g., Electronic industry, textile units, machine tools and the like. 4. Corporate Entrepreneur: It is a person who demonstrates his innovative skill in organizing and managing corporate undertaking. A corporate undertaking is a form of business organization which is registered under some statute or Act which gives it a separate legal entity. 5. Agricultural Entrepreneur: They are those who undertake agricultural activities as raising and marketing of crops, fertilizers and other inputs of agriculture. They are motivated to raise agricultural through mechanization, irrigation and application of technologies for dry and agriculture products. Entrepreneurs in Technology: (Refer the Book) Technical Entrepreneur Non technical entrepreneur Professional Entrepreneur Entrepreneurs and motivation: (Refer the Book) Pure entrepreneur Induced entrepreneur Motivated entrepreneur Spontaneous entrepreneur Growth and Entrepreneurs: (Refer the Book) Growth entrepreneur Super growth entrepreneur Entrepreneur and stages of development: (Refer the Book) First generation entrepreneur Modern Entrepreneur Classical entrepreneur Entrepreneurial competencies: The characteristics possessed by an entrepreneur which result in superior performance are called Entrepreneurial competencies or traits. Knowledge, skill and motive are the components of competencies. These competencies can be developed and sharpened. These can be injected in human beings through education and training. Practice helps develop competencies. Thus it is rightly said that Entrepreneurs are made and not born. Some of the major entrepreneurial competencies are : a) The individuals capacity for the pursuit of effective personal entrepreneurial behavior b) The way that they design the organization to maximize the potential for effective entrepreneurial behaviour by all staff c) The way that they design the organization to enable it respond to, and indeed shape, the dynamics of the task structure and interdependencies confronting it d) The way that the entrepreneur shapes the capacity of the business to develop and innovate over time. e) The degree to which the above are pursued in a socially responsible way thus laying the ground for wider acceptance of entrepreneurial ways of doing things in business and society. f) Initiative: acting out of choice rather than compulsion, taking the lead rather than waiting for others to start. g) Sees and acts on opportunities. A mindset where one is trained to look for business opportunities from everyday experiences. h) Persistence A never say die attitude, not giving up easily, striving information seeking continuously until success is achieved. i) Knowing: Knowing who knows, consulting experts, reading relevant material and an overall openness to ideas and information. j) Concern for High Quality of Work k) Commitment to work Contract: Taking personal pains to complete a task as scheduled. l) Efficiency Orientation: concern for conservation of time, money and effort. m) Systematic Planning n) Problem solving o) Self confidence p) Assertiveness q) Persuasion r) Use of Influence Strategies s) Monitoring t) Concern for Employee welfare Entrepreneurial Development is a key to achieve overall economic development through higher level of industrial activity. Many studies have shown that entrepreneurs are made. Entrepreneurial development is a process in which persons are injected with motivational drives of achievement and in sight to tackle uncertain and risky situations especially in business undertakings. The process of entrepreneurial development focuses on training, education, reorientation and creation of conducive and healthy environment for the growth of enterprises. Entrepreneurial competence makes all the different to the rate of economic growth this call for the entrepreneurs potential inputs to boost the economic development of a country Functions of Entrepreneur Idea generation and scanning of the best suitable idea Determination of the business objectives Product analysis and market research Determination of form of ownership/organization Completion of promotional formalities Raising necessary funds Procuring machine and material Recruitment of men Undertaking the business operations Arthur H. Cole has given the following functions of Entrepreneur: Determination of objectives and change of those objectives as conditions required or made advantageous Development of the organization, including efficient relations with subordinates and all employees Securing adequate finance resources and maintaining good relations with the existing and potential investors Requisition of efficient technological equipment Development of a market for the products Maintenance of good relations with the public authorities and society at large Major functions of Entrepreneur Innovation Doing new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way. It includes new processes of production, introduction of new products, relation of new markets, discovery of a new and better form of industrial organization Risk bearing Making provisions for capital in order to enable the entrepreneur to reduce uncertainty in his plan of investment and expansion of the enterprise Organization and management of business so as to have leadership and control over it. MODULE 2 ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT ____________________________________________________________________ (Entrepreneurial Process, Entrepreneurial Environment, Institutional Support for small business in Oman) _____________________________________________________________________ Entrepreneurial Process: The process of entrepreneurship involves both analytical and creative activities. According to Pierce and Dunham, the entrepreneurial process takes place in four sequential steps: Step 1: Solo Phase During this step, the typical entrepreneur works alone. The first task for the entrepreneur is to clearly identify the entrepreneurial idea. Then, the idea is developed and subjected to three feasibility tests. Will the idea provide clearly identifiable benefits for customer or clients? Is the idea compatible with the organizations resources and overall strategy? Are the idea and its potential implementation compatible with the entrepreneurs personal character and skills? Step 2: Network Phase During this step the entrepreneur shares the idea with o0ther organizational members, seeking feedback and suggestions for improvement of the idea. Step 3: Bootlegging Phase During this step, the entrepreneur begins to form a project team and some levels of product prototype development outside the normal operational mode of the company. Step 4: Formal Team Phase During this step, the idea becomes a formal organizational venture with formal organizational support. Entrepreneurial Environment: It refers to the various facets within which big, medium, and small enterprises and others have to operate. Entrepreneurial environment is broadly classified into six important segments, namely: 1) Political environment 2) Economic environment 3) Social environment 4) Technological environment 5) Legal environment 6) Cultural environment. 1) Political environment: It affects the entrepreneurial growth and accelerates the process of economic activity. Law and order is of high priority, followed by Government policies in regard to the promotion of entrepreneurship, followed by incentives, encouragement and right institutional structure will go a long way in fostering entrepreneurship. 2) Economic environment: It encompasses a wide spectrum of items, namely, land, availability of raw material, skilled labour, infrastructure, machinery, capital and so on. Shortage of raw materials, inferior quality, high price resulting in high cost of production are bringing had name to the small industry. Without raw materials, no industry can run and no entrepreneurship would come up. The benefits of an improved and healthy market conditions in the environment of entrepreneurial growth are self-explanatory. 3. Social environment: It strongly affects the entrepreneurial behaviour which contributes to entrepreneurial growth. The social factors can be family background, kith and kin (relatives, friends and teachers), religion, social status, social mobility and social marginality. 4. Technological environment: It represents the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. The technological advancement has become a catalytic agent in the promotion of entrepreneurship growth of industrial and allied services and agriculture. Further, it brings cultural changes as well as the quality of life. The Knowledge Revolution has made it possible to routine processes a shift from the traditional manual control of conventional machinery for using the computer brain to operate the machinery. Computer software is an alternate way to reorganize traditional work processes, through application of overseeing knowledge aided by systematic, logical analysis. 5. Legal environment: Registration, licensing, pollution, location, acquisition, payment of wages and labour related laws, pollution and environmental rules, laws relating to organization, product, patent, resource and taxes. According to a recent study, there are over 150 legal requirements an entrepreneur has to take care off. 6. Cultural environment: Every organization has an invisible quality, certain style, and character, a way of doing things that may be more powerful than the dictates of any one person or a formal system. This invisible quality the corporate culture decides how effective the organization is in the marketplace. Max Weber emphasizes that cultural factors have a crippling effect on entrepreneurial growth. Culture consists of (i) tangible man made objects like furniture, buildings etc. (ii) intangible concepts like laws, morals, knowledge etc. (iii) values and behavior acceptable within the society. Institutional support for small businesses in Oman: Incentives: One of the incentives is the annual award of the Sultans Cup for Industry. In 1999, the five winners were the Oman Cement Company, Raysut Cement Company, Oman Flour Mills Company, in the top category, with Jotun Paints and Oman Filters Industry taking best factories awards in the second category. Certificates of Merit were awarded to Oman Cables Industry Company, Amiantit Oman and National Detergent Company from the first category, and Sadolin Paints and Al-Hassan Switchgear Factory from the second category. In 1998, the criteria for awarding His Majesty, the Sultans Cup were changed to take account of a companys Omanisation plan. Companies should not fall below the 35% target set for the industrial sector. Companies in the first category are those with over RO3 million invested. The Ministry evaluated 27 factories, taking into account a number of other criteria such as added value, the use of local raw material, percentage of exports, quality etc, as well as considering safety standards and environmental protection. Public /establishment for Industrial Estate (PEIE): In 1993 the Public Establishment for Industrial Estates (PEIE) was created by Royal Decree giving a significant boost to industry by developing additional industrial estates and encouraging the private sector to participate in the industrialization of Oman. There are five industrial estates at present namely Rusayl, Sohar, Raysut, Nizwa and al-Buraimi, Sur. but more are being planned all over the country in towns like Khasab and Qalhat. PEIE has commissioned a consultant to prepare a feasibility study for these three new industrial estates. In April 2000, the Ministry announced that a study had been carried out to privatize the industrial estates, transforming them into public companies, but for the time being, the Government will continue to develop them and has allocated around RO200 million for the purpose. Rusayl: Rusayl was the first industrial estate in Oman, established in 1983, and becoming operational in 1985. It is situated about 45 kms from the Capital Area and the port of Mina Sultan Qaboos. It is close to Seeb Airport and easily accessible from the main road network. Amongst the many other services provided, an important feature is the nearby housing complex for over 1000 workers, complete with shops, supermarket, cinema, mosque, leisure centre and football pitch. Separate accommodation was recently constructed within the estate for female workers. There are 107 industries in operation on the Rusayl Estate and five more under construction, with over 40 projects being evaluated. The factories in operation are producing chemicals, electrical and building materials, paints, textiles and garments, computer stationery, aluminum products, car batteries, steel assemblies and poly products, amongst others. Sohar: Sohar Industrial Estate is situated 220 kms from Muscat and 180 kms from Dubai, linked to both by an international highway. Thanks to its strategic location it is attractive to potential investors. Apart from the major projects now being implemented there are 28 industries in production, 18 under construction and 44 projects coming up in the near future. Industries on the Sohar estate produce a wide range of products, such as foodstuffs, detergents, leather goods, furniture, toothpaste, ice cream, resins, glass, steel bars and engine oil. Potential products may include jewellery, roof cladding, baby food, sweets, sports shoes and polythene bags. Raysut: Inaugurated in 1992, the Raysut industrial estate is situated in Dhofar, 15 kms from Salalah, close to the sea and the new container port. The border with Yemen is only 200 kms away and will be approached by a new tarmac road across from Thumrait to al-Mazyounah, which is under construction. Port Salalah is ideally situated on the sea lanes connecting Europe, East Africa, Yemen and the Far East. A free zone has been established at al-Mazyounah which will make Raysut even more attractive as an entrepot destination. The industrial estate has been divided into zones so that any chemical pollution is kept well away from cleaner industries. There are five factories in operation, manufacturing school stationery, box files, ice, fish processing, frozen chickens, PVC pipes and steel fabrication. Nizwa: Nizwa Industrial Estate was inaugurated in 1994. It is situated 180 kms from Muscat and only 15 kms from Nizwa itself. Being the latest estate to be established, there are five pre-fabricated buildings for ceramic tiles, paper products and foodstuffs manufacture. Nine applications have been made for a plot on the Estate and these are currently being evaluated. The Estate is to be enlarged over the next Five-Year Plan. Future projects may include leather goods, novelties, military badges, pharmaceuticals, surgical gloves, chemicals and disinfectants. Al-Buraimi: During the 29th National Celebrations, the al-Buraimi Industrial Estate was officially opened. The Estate is 325 kms from Muscat but conveniently situated for the Gulf markets. There are three factories in operation. Sur: In addition to the Oman LNG project, a fertilizer plant is to be built at Qalhat near Sur with a capacity to produce 1.65 million tonnes of urea and 250,000 tonnes of excess ammonia per annum from natural gas for export. The preliminary work on the project arrangements has been completed and the major activity is to secure the finance needed through lenders and export credit agencies to supplement the equity capital of the partners in the project. Around RO375 million will be invested in the project. It is estimated that one trillion cubic feet of gas will be required for the project over a 20 year period. The plant will employ some 450 staff of whom about half will be Omanis during the initial operating period. Al Mazunah: Al Mazunah Free Zone commenced operations in November 1999 and is located in Omans southern region of Dhofar, close to the Yemen border. The Free Zone is located 260 kilometers from Salalah, 245 kilometers from Al Gaydah and 500 kilometers from Sayun, the two closest Yemeni cities. Given the nature of the Free Zone it lays outside the lit of Omans tax boundaries, and as such, businesses are able to enter Al Mazunah without visa or completing border procedures between Oman and Yemen. Indeed, Al Mazunah offers excellent opportunities to those wishing to trade goods through Oman into Yemen, or locate warehouse facilities. The Free Zone occupies 450 hectares which is divided into 100 plots ranging in size from 2,000 to 16,000 square meters. To date, 21 businesses and an exhibition area are in operation on the Free Zone. Sanad Programme: With the kind directions of H.M. Sultan Qaboos Bin Said, for the great importance of enhancing the role of Omani manpower in the development of the country and for the purpose of creating business opportunities for Omanis who are able to take interest in work, Sanad programme is established to work under the supervision of the Ministry of Manpower and execute the following duties: Objectives OF SANAD: Contributing to the employment of the natio

An Interview With An Entreprenuer Essay -- Interview Essays

I interviewed Manuel, co-owner of All Pro Motor Sports, because his business is extremely innovative and growth-oriented. The purpose of this interview was to learn the following:  § how to identify a business opportunity  § how to successfully launch a business  § how to deal with perceived risks prior to start-up  § how to solve problems encountered during start-up and over the lifetime of a venture BACKGROUND I was introduced to Manuel through a mutual acquaintance that knows I am truly fascinated by the ability to customize vehicles, but more specifically, expensive luxury vehicles. Manuel, originally from Mexico, moved to California with his family twenty years ago. Coming from a large family with 4 brothers and 3 sisters, Manuel was determined to be financially successful. After graduating from State Unversity and working as a financial advisor/broker for Morgan Stanley, Manuel decided he was not happy working in corporate America. After resigning from Morgan Stanley in 2001, Manuel decided his dream of being financially successful would be much easier to accomplish if he launched his own business. Driven by his passion for classy and stylish vehicles, Manuel launched a motor sports company in 2002. SHARED VISION Manuel, co-owner of All Pro Motor Sports, shared his vision to launch a motor sports business that customizes expensive European vehicles with his younger brother, Hussein, and cousin, John. Just 3 years ago, this trio put their capital resources together and launched All Pro Motor Sports. All Pro Motor Sports is not just another motor sports business, it's a motor sports business that focuses on customizing each vehicle to the owner's perfection and guaranteeing that attention to detail is car... ...sionate generally yields positive rewards. Whether one aspires to own a motor sports company or design a type of skiwear that protects people from injuries, passion will be the driving force behind successful execution. According to Hussan and to my agreement, the best way to discover what you are passionate about is to follow your interests and heavily research your interests to discover what interests you most. Once you discover which one of your interest you want to pursue the next, and most important step, is to discover how you could exploit or differentiate your interest in the current marketplace that will give you an opportunity to capitalize. Lastly, I learned that if I decide I don't want to pursue a degree in economics, and instead I want to launch my own business, I must pursue a business in an industry, or lack thereof, that I could commit my life to.

Romeo & Juliet - Nurses Role essays

Romeo & Juliet - Nurse's Role essays The play, Romeo and Juliet, by Shakespeare, is about two teenagers called Romeo and Juliet who fall in love. Only one person knows about it, and that is Juliets nurse. Romeo and Juliets families hate each other, so they do not tell their parents, because they would be extremely angry that they were in love, and would not let Romeo and Juliet see each other. Throughout the play we see the Nurse as a comedian, or in some parts, such as Tybalts death, a serious character. I see the nurse as motherly, as she treats Juliet as if she were her own daughter, and knows her a lot better than Juliets mother. Juliets mother did not even know her own daughters age. The nurse often acted before thinking about the problems they would cause. When Juliet and Romeo first met, the nurse asked him his name, and even though she found out he was a member of the Montagues, which was the hated family of Juliets family, she still told Juliet. Juliet said, My only love, sprung from my only hate which shows that she was very upset, and confused about what to do. The Nurse doesnt see what is so awful about it, and helps Romeo and Juliet meet in secret. The nurse also helped Romeo and Juliet marry in secret. This shows she was more like a friend than a nurse to Juliet, as she risked her job to help Juliet. Juliet asked her to go and find Romeo, and see if he had made arrangements for their marriage. Romeo had, and said, some means to come to shrift this afternoon, And there she shall at Friar Lawrence cell The nurse was protective of Juliet, because after Romeo had told her about the marriage arrangements she asked him if he was trustworthy, she said, Is your man secret? Did you neer hear say, Two may keep counsel, putting one away? ...

The moral and ethical Issues of Recombinant DNA Essays

The moral and ethical Issues of Recombinant DNA Essays The moral and ethical Issues of Recombinant DNA Paper The moral and ethical Issues of Recombinant DNA Paper Recombinant DNA is a modern technology involving the combination of DNA from one organism with the DNA of another. This often involves inserting human DNA into the DNA of another organism. When these genetically engineered organisms are cultured, they produce a human protein. Recombinant DNA gives scientists far greater control over genetic manipulation For example, recombinant DNA techniques have now been used to create bacterial strains that produce human insulin in large amounts, and this insulin has been used clinically with no reported adverse effects. Other successes of this technique are human interferon (a protein important to the bodys defence system) and human growth hormones. Recombinant DNA has been a leap which is contributing towards genetically engineered micro organisms, modified plants and animals, cloning, human gene therapy (correcting a genetic disorder) and mapping human chromosomes. Scientists can essentially extract, edit and replace the very building blocks of life on earth with our modern technology. The benefits of recombinant DNA are very prominent however there is a huge moral and ethical debate which has been occurring for decades concerning the morality of this advancement. In this essay I will present and discuss the positive and negative arguments regarding the technology and try to give a clear understanding of the issues at hand. Firstly, I will tell you of all the extraordinary applications recombinant DNA technology has to offer. Humans who have disorders are often in need of proteins, for example Diabetics require insulin injections to help control their glucose level. Insulin is not easy to create, and here recombinant DNA can be very beneficial. Human genes can be inserted into bacteria, which are then grown in fermenters; these treated bacteria then produce a human protein. Large amounts of insulin and human growth hormones can be produces cheaply on this way. This can help improve the lifestyles of many sufferers, cheaply and effectively. Plants also can be treated in a similar way. Desirable genes can be transferred from an organism to a crop plant. These can bring about useful changes in the crops, for example potato plants that are resistant to attack by a virus and maize (corn) plants that are resistant to drought have been produced in this way. This has a huge effect on agriculture and has allowed us to grow crops in conditions not usually suitable. Many other proteins useful for humans can also be produced by genetically modifying animals. Human proteins, such as haemoglobin and blood-clotting factors, are already being produced in the milk of transgenic cows, goats and sheep. Recombinant DNA has been used applied to human gene therapy. This involves inserting a normal gene into an organisms body to correct a genetic disorder. Take SCID, Severe combined immune deficiency leaves some people with almost no functioning immune system. Human gene therapy can be used to cure symptoms of SCID by inserting copies of a gene coding for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) into the blood cells of sufferers. The whole advent of changing our genes has proved a to be marvel in modern medicine. Gene therapy is getting bigger and bigger. As more and more research goes into recombinant DNA, the more successful treatments we can make. The Human Genome Project includes scientists in over 1000 laboratories around the world contributing towards mapping every human chromosome, identifying the precise location of every gene. With this tool, developing new gene therapy treatments will become a far easier task. Recombinant DNA, despite all its wonders has many negative arguments. Over the past few years there have been a number of demonstrations about the growth of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). There have also been many newspaper articles debating the use of GMOs. Many emotional concerns come into thought with the idea that we are essentially being cannibals when we eat an animal which has human DNA inserted into it. Although these are merely the general publics thoughts, they can put people off the whole idea of GMOs. A great degree of rational concerns about recombinant DNA also exist. Firstly when scientists insert human genes into bacteria or viruses there is a high risk of these transgenic organisms mutating and actually forming new pathogens. The scare is that we would not be able to treat or handle these new pathogens, resulting in new illness. What we are essentially treating to make substances (e. g. insulin) or our less fortunate could end up being the cause of many more illnesses. There is a huge debate as to whether we are being safe in experimenting with these organisms. Another ethical concern is regarding our crops. The benefits are out genetically modified crops are notorious, however if the pollen or seeds from these crops were carried away from the testing plots, there is a high chance of genetically modified populations growing elsewhere. It is a known fact that genetic modification could invoke a resistance to herbicides, meaning these crops could grow out of control, (often described a superweeds) and spread indefinably. The thought of this is a growing concern as more and more foods are becoming genetically engineered. Some crop plants that we engineer have been given a gene enabling them to produce pesticides. With the natural selection of nature, this may increase the rate of evolution of pesticide-resistant insects. These insects, once evolved could then harm our environment to a degree where food supplies start to run low, causing havoc. Although this isnt proven, in modern science it is possible, meaning this may a problem soon to be taken into consideration. The food chain is almost essential for our ecosystem to operate correctly, and important to the human race for our food. Populations of transgenic organisms could upset the balance of nature. For example, populations of transgenic salmon have been produced in which the individual fish grow rapidly. These fish would have to compete with other species for food. The size difference could cause the transgenic salmon to dominate over the others and have all the food. This may cause the other species to become extinct and the natural food webs to change. This change could upset a once natural ecosystem. There is a huge religious debate regarding recombinant DNA, with each religion having its own objections to transgenic organisms. Christian beliefs say that God created us, us, the question arises: what right have we to change what he has made, just to suit our needs and test our new found abilities? Many religious followers think we are destroying Gods will, by interfering with nature. In the Bible it is said: God created man. With the recent advent of cloning, it seems we have ignored this and taken our technology forward to point where we forget about religion. Also, many religious groups could not use products from specific organisms, e. g. to Hindus, cows are sacred animals and to Jews and Muslims, pigs are unclean. With this in mind, the use of products from these organisms might be unacceptable to people from these religions. Eugenics is quite a big part of recombinant DNA. This is essentially where genes are inserted into humans (or their eggs or their sperm). This technique can be very useful in that it can prevent an early death (e. g. or people with SCID Severe Combined Immunodeficiency). However, it could be used to give people characteristics that are considered to be desirable by others. This whole idea is unacceptable by many people as it reminds people of the programmes that have been used throughout modern history to eradicate less power ethnic groups (ethnic cleansing- e. g. WWII Hitler). People are scared by the prospect that we must all have the same characteristics and loose our individuality. Another concern is how screening for genetic diseases could lead to discrimination against individuals. When a foetus is scanned for genetic disorders (e. . Downs syndrome), parents often face a dilemma about aborting an affected foetus. This is can to lots of emotional stress and demoralising decisions. Also, it will soon become possible to screen adults for genes that predispose them to genetic disorders. This might lead to insurance companies discriminating against people with these disorders, when thought they have perfect health. The advent of recombinant DNA has brought medicine, agriculture and our understanding of our genes to a new level. As you can see there are many debates as to whether we should continue with our experiments. In my opinion the benefits of this new technology outweigh the moral and ethical concerns. This technology is too promising and too effective to cease working on, because in the end it will do far more good than bad. As the technology progresses, it will become far safer to utilise recombinant DNA and all its advantages. If God has given us the ability to experiment with genes, why not use this ability? As long as we can keep it safe; minimising the risks of upsetting nature and proving to the people that it is a good thing by trying to calm any emotional concerns, this technology should prevail.

Integration of Giant Supply Chains in Public Sector Essay

Integration of Giant Supply Chains in Public Sector - Essay Example The critical processes differ from one another, but the processes involving supply chain management and supply chain management are critical to any organization. The coping period of the organization without critical processes is known as maximum tolerable outage and this makes the private sector organization fail in the absence of successful supply chain management. At this context, the public sector plays a role by minimizing the contexts that make a firm face maximum tolerable outage by integrating giant supply chains thus developing logistics concept in supply chains. To develop logistics concept and to have integration in its supply chains, public sector should develop significant reorganization that helps industry and thus economy to cope with the situation. In minimizing the maximum tolerance outage situations, the facilitation of public sector to private sector helps in making supply chain management successful and supply chain systems of various organizations successful when they are connected to integrated supply chain management of public sector. There are situations like denial of access for the private organizations in the absence of integration of giant supply chain management of public sector. ... There are situations like denial of access for the private organizations in the absence of integration of giant supply chain management of public sector. The situations may be regarding the locations, floor of a building, whole building, city block, and half a kilometer radius from the building, metropolitan area and beyond. The minimizing the loss of power supply is possible with the successful role of public sector in power supply and reasonable care taken by the organization in case of any failure of public sector power supply. For example, large investments like investing in nuclear power is not possible for an average private organization the role of public sector in power supply cannot be diluted and integration of such giant supply chains in public sector is compulsory for a successful private sector. In addition to the above aspects, the continuous power supply is an inevitable necessity for production. Next coming to transportation and storage, the big firms make use of tran sportation infrastructure of public sector and SMEs and smaller industries depend on public sector even for storage facilities. In the context of communications, the public sector is main supplier of bandwidth and spectrum to private telecom companies. As a result the integration between different supply chains of public sector will help private sector to thrive (Lan, Yi-chen Editor, page 321-323, 2005). Global Integrated Supply Chain Management The integrated supply chain management is a necessity for optimum performance of any industry or sector. The challenges faced by any industry or organization depend on the dynamics of the industry or organization and market. Procurement is the

Explaining and evaluate principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Explaining and evaluate principles - Essay Example Second, the necessity of checks and balance, again with the end view to avoid or thwart tyranny that the people must give its consent on important matters of governance. We can take an extreme case as an example to illustrate this point such as leaders cannot just do whatever they want with the governed such as throwing anybody in jail they dislike or disagree with. The political liberties (including physical liberties) of the people must be ensured for a leader to govern. If a government or leader will do the example such as illegally detaining people it do not like or disagreed with, then it is also the right of the people to rebel and the options available to do this are in multitude but that would be digressing to discuss them. Important aspects of governance that affects the people must also have the consent of the people. One example is the choice of leader, which Locke also agreed, must have the consent of the people through an election. ... Mill also put forth the consequential theory on freedom that an individual’s course of action is acceptable for as long as it is good for the majority of the people which in a way modern government uses a guide when it disposes policies into action. With regard to freedom of speech John Stuart Mill is quite liberal in his point of view and it seems that he make an exception to this general theory that freedom must be regulated. In general, Mill argues in his consequential theory that an individual is free to pursue a course of action or interest for as long as it do not harm to other. But in the expression of thought and discussion, Mill argued that it should not be abridged. His contention is that an individual’s capacity to express opinions and to discuss must be exercised in full and not to be suppressed. He did not argue for this naively. Mill knows that not all opinions are truthful and good. In fact, he mentioned that opinions and thoughts can be entirely false, p artially true and wholly true which in all, is an inestimable and could benefit the common good. Mill argues for this as; First, if any opinion is compelled to silence, that opinion may, for aught we can certainly know, be true. To deny this is to assume our own infallibility. Secondly, though the silenced opinion be an error, it may, and very commonly does, contain a portion of truth; and since the general or prevailing opinion on any subject is rarely or never the whole truth, it is only by the collision of adverse opinions that the remainder of the truth has any chance of being supplied. Thirdly, even if the received opinion be not only true, but the