Austronesians

The Austrvirtuososians as Viewed by Peter Bellwood, Wilhelm Solheim II, and genus Zeus Salazar Prepared by Jezza Mae S. Dajac The stipulation Austronesian contextu totallyy refers to a race group present in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speaks, or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian verbiages. Apart from the Polynesian people of Oceania, the Austronesian people intromit Taiwanese Ab birthes, the majority ethnic groups of East Timor, Indonesia and Malaysia. There had been several theories that necessitate the Austronesians as the origin of the Philippine population.Among the call foring proponents of these persuasions are Australian depicted object University professor Peter Bellwood, American anthropologist and the most senior practitioner of archeology in Southeast Asia Wilhelm Solheim II, and Filipino anthropologist Zeus Salazar. Their viewpoints are to be by the piece presented here. Bellwoods Austronesian Diffusion Theory/ Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) Hypothesis/ Ma inland Origin Hypothesis sooner than believing that Austroloids were the ancestors of the Filipino race, Professor Bellwood argued that Austronesians were the roots of the population inhabiting most of the Asiatic territories today.His Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis is based largely on linguistics and is mainly derived from American linguistic Robert Blust model of Austronesian diffusion, lately kn take as the Blust model. Bellwood integrated archaeological data to Blusts idea to arrive at his own possibility. He posited that betwixt 4500 BCE and 4000 BCE, producements in agri ethnic technology in theYunnan tablelandin Chinacreated pressures which drove certain people to migrate toTaiwan. This is what explains the term Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis.Bellwood also believed that these people either already had or began to develop a unique oral communication of their own, which he referred to as Proto-Austronesian. By about 3000-3500 BCE, these groups started antitheticaliating into three or four distinct subcultures, and by 2500 to 1500 BC, one of these groups began migrating southwards towards the Philippines andIndonesia, reaching as far asBorneoand theMoluccasby 1500 BCE, forming new pagan groupings and developing unique speechs.He called all the languages formed outside Taiwan Malayo-Polynesian. Meanwhile, the language developed in the Philippines and Indonesia was then termed Western Malayo-Polynesian By 1500 BC, some of these groups started migrating west, rand they reached the Madagascararea almost the 1st millennium. Still others migrated east, settling as far asEaster Islandby the mid-13th century.This widespread movement gave the Austronesian language group the distinction of being the most widely distributed language groups in the world at that time, in terms of the geographic cross of the homelands of its languages. Bellwoods simplified possibleness about the origin of the Filipino race then, is that the people of the Philippines are the descendants of those cultures who remained on the Philippine islands when others moved maiden southwards, then eastward and westward.Solheims Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) or the Island Origin Theory According to the anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim II I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that Austronesian is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should neer be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language the phrase Austronesian speaking people should be used. This tilt emphasized that the pioneers of the Austronesian-as-the-origin-of-Southeast Asians idea posits that the Austronesian is a group of languages rather that a group of people. Wilhelm Solheims conception of theNusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network(NMTCN), while not rigorously a theory regarding the biological ancestors of modern Southeast Asians, does suggest that th e patterns of cultural diffusion without the Asia-Pacific region are not what would be expect if such cultures were to be explained by unanalyzable migration.Where Bellwood based his analysis earlier on linguistic analysis, Solheims approach was based on artifact findings. On the basis of a careful analysis of artifacts such as betterment of traditional lithic chopper and chopping tools, he suggests the existence of a stack and communication network that first spread in the Asia-Pacific region during its neolithic age (and that which he referred to as the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network).For his theory, he coined the term nusantao which means island people. He also presented a different route of movement of the Austronesians from that of Bellwoods model. According to Solheims NMTCN theory, this trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian seafaring peoples, was responsible for the spread of cultural patterns throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple migration (or movement, as Bellwood put it) proposed by the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis.Solheim consequently came up with four geographical divisions delineating the spread of the NMTCN all over time, and he called these geographical divisions lobes. Specifically, these were the primal, northern, eastern and western lobes. The exchange lobe was throw out divided into two smaller lobes reflecting phases of cultural spread the ahead of time Central Lobe and the Late Central Lobe. Instead of Austronesian peoples originating from Taiwan, Solheim placed the origins of the untimely NMTCN peoples in the Early Central Lobe, which was in eastern coastal Vietnam, at around 9000 BC.He then suggests the spread of peoples around 5000 BC towards the late important lobe, including the Philippines, via island Southeast Asia, rather than from the north as the Taiwan theory suggests. Thus, from the occlusive of view of the Philippine peoples, the NMTCN is also referred t o as theIsland Origin Theory. This late underlying lobe included Southern China and Taiwan, which became the area where Austronesian became the original language family andMalayo-Polynesian developed. In about 4000 to 3000 BC, these peoples continued spreading east through Northern Luzon to Micronesia to form the Early Eastern Lobe, carrying the Malayo-Polynesian languages with them. These languages would pass part of the culture spread by the NMTCN in its expansions Malaysia and western towards Malaysia originally 2000 BC, continuing alongcoastal Indiaand Sri Lanka up to the western coast of Africa andMadagascar and over time, further eastward towards its easternmost borders at Easter Island.Thus, as in the case of Bellwoods theory, the Austronesian languages spread eastward and westward from the area around the Philippines. Aside from the matter of the origination of people, the difference between the two theories is that Bellwoods theory suggests a linear expansion, while Solh eims NMTCN theory suggests something more(prenominal) akin to homocentric circles, all overlapping in the geographical area of the late central lobe which includes the Philippines. Salazars View of the AustronesiansZeus Salazar, like Solheim, believed that the Austronesians carried with them their culture as they spread all over Southeast Asia. However, he further posited that there are gaps between the technological knowledge as demonstrated by the late growing of technology in the middle regions of the country. These gaps, according to Salazar, were due to the prolonged bank check of the Austronesians in coastal areas of the country before penetrating to the inner regions.Nevertheless, he admits that the Austronesians were the ones responsible for culminating a great part of the Philippine culture and civilization. He once stated, Ang pinakatiyak na migrasyon hanggang ngayon ay yaong tungo sa karagatan, ang pagsasaibayong-dagat ng mga Austronesyano, ang pinakamaagang ninuno ng mga Pilipino Silay nagdaan sa peninsula tungong Indonesia muna upang mapunta pagkatapos sa Pilipinas, sa Pasipiko, at sa Madagascar. - This statement of Salazar reflected his parallel ideas to that of Solheims. However, he is known to focus more on studying linguistic aspects and evidences about the Austronesians diffusion, and he later represent out that several Filipino words such as dalubhasa, balita, bahay, aso, niyog, araw, anito, karayom, mana, and apoy among others, were of Austronesian origin. -Setting aside the fact that there are numerous theories about the origin of the Filipino race, with each one positing their own assumptions, it still cannot be denied that they collectively help in understanding and reconstructing our own history as they lead to further and more inquiry about our fragmented past. Whatever theory one may believe in, the important thing is that prejudices and biases are distant and instead, being scientific is employed in our search for a clearer and more solid view of the Philippine prehistory. 1 . Our Pacific Ocean, The Austronesian, http//www. ourpacificocean. com/austronesian_people/index. htm (October 2012) 2 . Claims have been made that Bellwood formulated his theory with K. C. Chang of Harvard University, specifically by M. C. Halili in the hold in Philippine History (ManilaRex Bookstore, Inc. , 2004) p. 40 3 . run through Solheims archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City UP Press, 2006)p. 85 4 . Bellwood preferred using the term movement instead of migration. 5 .See Solheims Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City UP Press, 2006) for further elaboration. 6 . Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages. (January 2006). 7 . See Salazars Kabihasnang Asyano Isang Pangkasaysayang Introduksyon (1990) p. 94 8 . See Solheims Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City UP Press, 2006) p. 83 9 . ib. 10 . Ibid. 11 . Ibid. 12 . Zeus A. Salazar, Kabihasnang Asyano Isang Pangkasaysayang Introduksyon (1990) p. 99 13 . Zeus A. Salazar, Ang Kasaysayan, Diwa at Lawak (Quezon UP Press, 1974)