.

Saturday, February 23, 2019

Chinese Typography Study

theme in Publication devise Chinese Typography Study educational activity for cultural cognizance and bear step upability Choi Chi Kit Jackson, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, emailprotected edu. uk Monica Chiu, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, emailprotected edu. hk Sylvia To, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, emailprotected edu. hk Abstract This root word aims to subject the unique persona of Chinese letterforms & theatrical roles, and to discuss our approach of teaching Chinese opus as a tool of nurturing cultural aw beness and maintainability. with in- reconditeness research of conventional literary productions, prove the school of thought from past, get wind the optical symbolic representations and tangible artifacts in the surrounding at present-day to en fitting scholarly persons to translate and transform the corporals into experimental typo in writing(predicate) figure of speechs for sophisticated(a) converse. We believed that this is a good method for our future creative talents to engage with conventional value and essence sustainability through make-up design workout. Key oral communication cultural aw areness, Chinese aesthetics, letterform appreciation, iconic architectural elements, pictogram, ism, cultural identity . intro Movable eccentric persons have contributed a major way of communication since the initiation of printing. Today, the existence of digital media has drove opus design to a conventional spirit. For Chinese typography, the unique charitable philosophy contained in writing arranging en risqueed our emotional state and soul since its developed by radicals and scholars. However, the reliance of digital media made this distinctive philosophy being disregarded by some(a) design scholars in Hong Kong.Since ancient cartridge clip, clement elaboration reflected and recorded noesis towards their living environment by direct imitation to produce vision or drawings, for wa rning cave paintings, monumental carving and primitive frame in symbols. However the direct copying of objects and forms had its terminal point when it came to abstract association of ideologies. During civilization development, phrases were formulated and gradu tot completelyyy migrated into two several(predicate) streams iodine headed to the direction replacing pictographs with ph peerlesstic popment all together.Pictographs were soon re place by alphabets which the importation of wrangling were redoed by crews of different sound, later developed into language placement with wondrous amount of lyric. A nonher different direction was extension from pictograph with phonetic member and the additional association from pictographs. The former was healthy adopted by western sandwich world to perform roman alphabets whereas the latter was Chinese pillow slips for Chinese acculturation. AaBbCcDdEeFfGg Chinese typography constituted a major way of communication for l iterature and culture sustain.Un comparable roman alphabets, the meaning of Chinese characters comes with the unique combination of etymons artifacts, activities, home and sounds in daily life. Even though the authority of Chinese letterforms diversenessd according to humans civilization, this unique way of writing system ( Kanzi) unagitated transmit in immediatelys Chinese characters since vaticinator bone rule book been found. Horse ? Herd ? Despite the changes and amendment made a broad the rise and fall of dynasties, Chinese written language is basically hold with the same ancient artifacts and literature and still in utilized today.In some sense, we are communicating with our ancestors. ? In this paper we discuss the nature and characteristics of Chinese writing system with the approach of t come downing aims to revitalize this cultural philosophy on contemporary Chinese typography. 2. Design Principles of Chinese Character 2. 1 snuff ited-down Chinese culture in current design context of subroutine Chinese arts and crafts development reached its stop as early as Han Dynasty (206 B. C. 8 A. D. ). Lots of documents have been found such(prenominal) as the Kaogong ji (1) that llustrated and stated rules and dimensions for architecture and decorative ornaments. These information was however more accustomed to the technical aspects of construction and production rather than the design dominions and thinking in a modern context. Pages educe from Kaogong ji The closest attempt to design theory and thinking seems to be embedded in the deepest roots of Chinese culture when our ancestors tried to create the primitive form of communication, the Chinese letterforms. This abide be trace in the six categories of Chinese Characters, the liushu . 2. Generation of Chinese characters Chinese characters evolved basically from pictographs that give objects, actions, events and sounds since 5000BC. This is distinctive from roman alphabets which the m eaning of linguistic process comes from a combination of alphabets but not from one single alphabet. each Chinese character has its own meaning, or even more than one. discordant types of character were first classified systematically in Han Dynasty, around nose assdy AD by the Chinese linguist Xu Shen , whose etymological dictionary Explaining in a higher placeboard and Analyzing Compound Characters, Shuowen Jiezi, divides the script into six categories, the liushu. 1. Pictographs ( xiangxingzi) 2. Pictophonetic compounds ( , Xingshengzi) 3. Indicative Characters / ideograph ( , zh shizi) 4. Associative Characters / synthetical aggregates ( , Huiyizi) 5. Associate Transformation ( , Zhu nzhuzi) 6. Borrowing ( , Ji jiezi) We have approximately oer 60,000 Chinese characters. Although some strokes were simplified or lost occasionally in the past, Chinese characters are basically is in its stable grammatical construction since Qin Dynasty. (2)The 6 categories of Chinese Char acter (liushu) mention here is an extreme important knowledge for Chinese for maximizing our communication possibility, to serve as guideline for bleak letterform creation in coherent logic this sens be discussed as similar as western design principles. 3. Chinese Typography Training Today, we are constantly bombarded by excessive optic excitement and information. In the offset of coding and decoding optical centre, if the seed of Chinese letterform can be well preserved, one can reveal the purest form of visual dialogue for our next generation. Communication depends on common principles -assumptions and meanings, purpose and value but common meanings can be established only by communication and agreement (Richard McKeon, 1998). 3. 1 The consequence of conventional and modern Chinese characters Although the unique combination of symbolic attach still exists in modern Chinese letterform, a major problem is modern fonts design deoxidize very much on modification of geomet ric shapes to relatively fair structure for the needs of digital media.Hence, we see the large gap betwixt the combination of symbolic marks and cultural meanings obtained indoors. In order to sustain the unique literate and cultural traditions, we believe the co-existing of symbolic marks and geometrical structure should not be over accounted. Pictogram Oracle Bone script bronzy script Seal script Clerical script Regular script Cursive script Movable type Digital font ? ? homogeneous as many western typography design, our practical guide to Chinese typography training is a combination of origin and in the buff, involved literature review and experimental shop classs.Along with our four years coaching experience at peace(p) through with the application and interpretation of philosophical notion of Chinese calligraphy emerged with theoretical, aesthetic and contextual approaches. Time Space Social Artefacts ? Literature heathen People 3. 2 Cultural sustainability Ch inese letterform composed of symbolic marks for linguistic and visual communication. It is a significant medium to connect Chinese culture and social ideologies. In this regard, we obtain Chinese typography as perfect channel to hasten students creativity as well as literature and cultural knowledge.Literature Review auditional Workshops Design for cultural awareness and sustainability. 3. 3 Teaching and translateing strategy Our training method lie in two main acts 3. 3. 1 Literature review It is our essential stage to buildup theoretical and methodological brought from ancient Chinese intellects, a practical establish training leading students to translate and transform the Chinese calligraphy philosophy into new visual dimensions. 3. 3. 2 Experimental whole shebanghops Another approach to submit typography is to forget about typography.By employing experimental graphic treatments, substantials and impressry, we hope to however enhanced audiences emotional and facetin gual responds in reading. Through serious of experimental workshops, we facilitate students to research and experiment new visual codes. Through our practice-based research project f aimd with theory and medium in all kinds, we established new aesthetic perspective and approach that manifests the jointure of cultural and usable qualities for contemporary Chinese typography design.Eventually, increase the awareness of cultural sustainability. Literature review Experimental workshops Learning process creation ? Translate ? Transform + Learning process Explore ? Experiment To evince the idea how we embrace literature and cultural knowledge as well as facilitating students Chinese typography creativity, our learning contents and work utilizations testament be further discussed. Students examples result be depute to demonstrate our academic achievements including the awarded projects in national competition. 3. Learning Contents 3. 4. 1 Fundamental Principles of Chinese Letterfo rm Chinese calligraphy is an expression of innermost spirit of ones well-being. Calligraphy appreciation melioratees viewing audience experience through acknowledge of ones expressive strokes, shapes and structure. In the past, painter and calligraphers has a common practice to developed skills begun by imitating works from great masters. The exercise shown here was mean to revisit, rethink and embrace the very fundamental principles of Chinese writing system.By respecting the origin to establish new forms, and be free to give personality to that form. fleshly exercise Calligraphy in practice Knowledge principles of writing order, 8 strokes theory, 34 grid systems, origin of Chinese calligraphy, personality, express, control. proficiency structure, strokes, form, shapes, and grid. Learning process downslope 3. 4. 2 Letterform and Chinese Philosophy Chinese Yin-yang philosophy used to hound how polar opposites or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and dependent in t he natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn.The Yin-yang concept is not opposing force, but complementary opposites that interact within a greater whole, as part of a dynamic system of equilibrium. Chinese typography consists of Yin-yang philosophy within. Elements of each letterform are in placed within a grid system of 34 different formats. Everything is create in a right position of perfect balance. Yin-yan Examples of Chinese letterform ? ? ? ? ? parallel Balance Asymmetricalal balance Stability Visible & invisible lay Fullness and emptiness Balance and sense of office Balance and hierarchyIn this content, students were conducted to learn historical knowledge of Chinese calligraphy and principles of Chinese letterform design. Through colossal exploration and experiments to develop, translate and transform the principles into modern typography design. The training is to advance the appreciation of aesthetic caliber of Chinese letterform. 3. 4. 3 Simplif ied type strokes and forms Although there are straight structure and format for standard characters, designers still have tractability during actually implementation of Chinese characters (Junior school teachers may disagree with this).Since Chinese characters are the graphic theatrical of what we see in real world, there is no absolute right or haywire composition of letterform. In fact the development of script has reflect this flexibility pictographs metal scriptseal script clerical script regular script, not to mention the drastic change from Traditional Chinese to Simplified. Letter strokes and composition are continuously morphing and mending over cartridge holder. Historically, it is a visual game which artists play around with the forms and strokes for visual interest such as , , . Today, these hrases are still in use in our customary life such as paper cut, florid banners for blessing embroidery, furniture and architecture for decoration So, almost every character has its own meaning or a story to tell. The following examples exhibit how Chinese characters can be read as graphic forms with an knowing to remove strokes and emerge two or more forms together to become new composition. Viewers are amused by the tricks, and enjoy the process of reading and decoding the design. And we believed that this can be a good appetiser for students to start off the feast of Chinese Typography.For this content, students were asked to play with their own Chinese names by simplifying strokes and forms. They may find it conf utilize in the low but soon discover the fun of being wrong. Strokes were upstage deliberately but the principle is that the characters could still be read and be understood. The process includes reduce strokes ? add weight ? use forebode space ? align grid ? create style. The experimental exercises show below show how students examine the equilibrium philosophy with strokes from Chinese name.Through practicing the principles as first step, some(prenominal) techniques were employed (Diagram 1-5). Next, students were asked to come up with a suitable idiom or phase that can well express the visual quality from preceding design, finally translate and transform the visual approach and ordinary letterform to new image structure (Diagram 6). Exercise fibre structure Knowledge structure, strokes, grid, form, shapes, space, yin-yang philosophy. Technique eliminate elements, graphic treatment, Visible & invisible space, positive & negative association, counter space, form and deform, distortion, grouping, illusion, positive and negative space, fullness and emptiness, visual balance in strokes, counter-space, the subtle interchangeable forbidding and white marks Learning process Origin Translate Transform 3. 4. 4 Characteristics from materials Chinese characters are pictogram compose with symbolic marks of artifacts to become the foundation of our culture, however people today are often ignore the mantrap and stor ies behind. The beauty of such simplex geometrical form revealed the culture, activities, space, sound or motion of daily life at the time.Each letterform build within a grid contained a story, a connotation or more. If Chinese characters are originally invented by our ancestor with an instinct to be survive, why cant we create typography from ignoring everything about typography? Psychologists suggested that human being is capable of internally organizing and representing aspects of his environment, and this representation or map is subject to continuous change and revision. Each time this cognitive map is changed or reinforced that can be state to have learned. (Kerry J.McGarry, 1981). Our following exercise requires students to examine the properties of various materials and explore the possibility to create Chinese characters which convey message in twain(prenominal) visual and language. Through the assignments, students were asked to keep repeat testing by manipulating mater ials. Our workshop for this particular topic consists of two stages 1. 2. By playing with physical materials to examine and explore the possible appearances or performance Observe to discover the human physiological reaction against the experimental workSoftness within hardness explores the physical airscrew of bamboo stick C apportionh ? , surround ? , penetrate ? , stand ? , Rise ? , unreserved ? , roll ? The above works demonstrated our process to obtain human physiological reaction through materials. The collected information and experiments such as textual elements or visual appearance will be change and developed into typography that can convey a message with physiological response. Exercise Play with materials Experiments materials, texture, objects, etc.Techniques flat laying, top-up, layering, reduce/destroy, add on or attach, transparent, marks or scare, positive & negative space, lighting & shadow, 2D or 3D, physical & chemical reaction, interaction, alternation, etc . Learning process Explore Experiment 3. 4. 5 Artefacts This is another experimental workshop attempted to challenge the functional aspect of letterforms. If Chinese characters concealed imagery of artefacts for functional communication for benevolent society, we doubted if this communication still serve utilely? Would this be a communication gap amid ancient time and modern world? ignore this problem be fixed by rediscovering the elements consisted in our present time? In this exercise, students were asked to discover their own letterform story through image see. Students were asked to capture the expressive cultural artefacts or physical environment, with those elements found from existing place and time, a contemporary letterform is possibly formulated. Exercise Type finding geographic expedition cultural artifacts, icon, architecture, humanity, society. Technique photography, discover, observation. Learning process Explore Experiment 4. Type design inspired by liushu 4. 1 .Pictographic Characters ( xiangxingzi) Strokes and structure VS iconic elements and symbols Pictograph, as well as cognise as pictogram to conveys its meaning through pictorial illustration of a physical object. The forms of these Chinese characters can be linked and associated directly to the physical objects such as Horse, Fish, Sun and Moon ( ). As highly simplified graphic representation of objects, motion and stories, a scene of period of play all crisp into a still frame, all these dialogue, props, lights and textures are condensed into graphic strokes. The beauty of culture is locked into the visual codes of each letterform.When we believe that Chinese characters are frozen images of drama/stories, the best way to unfreeze them is by placing them back to the physical/material world. There has no necessity to create additional visual elements if they are already out there in the real world. Perhaps all we have to do is to re-discover them again. In this exercise, students were asked to create their typeface through captured image of iconic structures and cultural artifacts of architecture, temples, street scenes, Chinese restaurant, local tea shops, path signs, ritual materials, and any thing relates to our heritage and culture.Students will then ask to identify the patterns and images until the basic visual elements can be revealed. A new letterform will be formulated and developed with those elements they found. Students were also encourage to study the pictorial origins and stories of Chinese characters, experiment to decode all underlining meanings, almost like an archaeologist interpreting the prehistoric world of life with unearthed fossils. (Left to Right) Light ? , good deal ? , Bamboo Scaffolding Light ? It depicted the simplest form of light beam that created the strokes radiated from the center(a) point.Hole ? There had no stroke in the word. The form was generated with layers of corrugated boards that created the depth of a hole. B amboo Scaffolding The student studied thoroughly the materials and structure that construct the unique characteristics of the bamboo scaffolding. All elements were reduced to their basic forms such as the bamboo sticks, tiding strings, worried pieces, dirt and objects around the building site. Viewers could associate the visual structure of the typeface with the context of the design immediately. Left) visual elements (Right) Temple Temple The student took a lot of photos at an old temple to grasp the flesh out of the ancient architectural style of Chinese buildings such as censer, rock n roll carving lion and pagodas that reflected not only the life style of ordinary people, but also their religious beliefs. With these unique visual elements, student was able to formulate the letterform of primitive, simplicity of rich textural quality typography. 4. 2 Indicative Characters / Ideograph ( zh shizi) The indicative characters are used to express things that are abstract in mea ning. They may be purely abstract symbols that indicate directions, or symbols will be added to pictographic characters to indicate abstract nature of military issues. Examples are Chinese terminology indicating above, beneath, concave and convex. ( ) In this content, students will have to experiment with different materials with textual properties, conditions and mood to see how they can be connected to represent the meaning of Chinese characters. In the history of Chinese ainting, there is a famous saying of One will be enlightened in inner-self if one can learn from the greater nature in ones surrounding. (3) It is to get rid of the computer table and go out to discover the origin and beauty of nature. (Left to Right) Trapped ? , Diffuse ? , Concave ? , look ? 4. 3 Pictophonetic compounds ( , Xingshengzi) Another category of character is a pictophonetic compound, which is to have one component to indicate the type or meaning of word, named as radical, slice the other componen t to indicate the pronunciation of the word. ( This increases largely the possible combination of haggle, and nearly 90% of Chinese words used nowadays are created as pictophonetic compounds. This category can sometimes indicate the relationship between words with the same radical, and makes classification of characters very efficient. Here is an interesting students experimental work for lyrics design of Chinese Opera (Cantonese Opera). Traditional Chinese music notes is embedded into the lyrics characters. Music notes become the strokes of the letterform, and the length and standoffishness between characters indicate the rhythm of the song.The design integrates the sounds with the meaning of characters, and reveals the aesthetics of traditional Chinese calligraphy. 4. 4 Associative Characters / Logical aggregates ( , Huiyizi) Pictograph is a very effective medium of communication for indicating physical objects and visual materials, but it has its own limitation when comes to ab stract concepts and ideologies. Instead of switching completely phonetic system, our ancestors created flexible consumption of the formation of letterforms so as to enrich the complexity of Chinese and countenance broad dimensions of communication.To express abstract concepts, they created the associative characters that put two or more pictographic characters together to describe an action, or something abstract. ( ) For example the character illuminate is the combination of two pictographs of sun and moon, which are obviously the biggest light objects at that time. The character ? is the pictographs of one man after another show the meaning of follow / by. (Left to Right) Stack ? , Wrong ? , Sun-drying of Clothes The students works above show the creativity of making logical aggregates through objects and letterforms.Stack ? by down up a stack of corrugated boards, the form and appearance of the material associate the image with the meaning of the word stack. Wrong ? The symmetric image of the character is created by a strong contrast of black & white colour. This also depicts the meaning of right & wrong carried by the Chinese character. ( ) Sun drying of vestments The design captures very common street aspect in Hong Kong where people dry their laundry outside public estates. The clothes form the shape of Chinese characters.Viewers can derive the meaning of the words even they do not understand the Chinese words. 5. Pictogram with Chinese aesthetics and Chinese Philosophy Traditional Chinese intellects enrich ones literate spirit through practicing calligraphy and painting. It is an expression of innermost beauty of ones integral soul of balanced lifestyle. Calligraphy enriches the intellectual capacity of viewers through appreciation of expressive quality of strokes, shapes and structure that extends to acknowledgement of ones well being.Chinese painters spent their life to reveal their spirit and emotion through the use of ink, washes and impressionistic brushstrokes. Both components of black and white shared the same direct of importance. Realism is never their aim, and sometimes the negative space is the message. Like decorate painting, masters drew their landscape freely with changeable perspectives, and white space is used to suggest distance. The nature is an entity as ONE, and then separated into wind, rain and four seasons. The brightness and darkness, high and low, close by and far away, the peak of imitation is between alike and unlike. (Shi Tao, 16421718) (4) The surrealistic and impressionistic nature of Chinese arts provides a perfect laboratory for students exploration of Chinese typography. Below example shows how Chinese calligraphy reflects Chinese philosophy of yin-yang positive & negative, fullness & emptiness to works hand in hand with another significant art form carried from Chinese painting. Through the prerequisite process from studying literature and ideologies of the ancient time, he attem pted to extract and translate those beliefs and principles into graphic rules and visual principles.The exercise offered students a good prospect to test extensively if the rules and principles are versatile and applicable. (Left) Typographic poster of a Chinese poem (Right) Traditional Chinese Landscape Painting It is human instinct to gain knowledge from the past for the needs of improvement. When we learn that iushu is the traditional ways of creating meaningful and comprehensive characters, we start to think that may be we can employ similar principles to create new characters for things that do not exist in the past.Or maybe we can take advantage of the constructional nature of Chinese character to create new letterforms through imagination. For words or objects with more than one meaning, or with ambiguous meaning, they will lead to intrinsic interpretation. (Paul Rand, 1985) Nowadays young generation is so used to the Martian language online which is a new language based on traditional Chinese. The principle of creating that language is amazingly similar to those developed from liushu. A good example is the borrowing of a long-term unused character ? for a baffled facial expression.Seemingly, the principle of character creation developed over long period of time is already embedded in our DNA and exploit every move we make. In the last session, we are going to present our students contributions on typography design with their enthusiasm on cultural phenomenon. The essential and efficiency for adapting typography principles into contemporary of representation were successfully demonstrated. Night alley With highly developed and sophisticated transport profits in Hong Kong, paved highways and roads were built to serve the needs of crabby local economy 24 hours a day.No other place would visualise this unique energetic transportation, bustling bridges and highway nightlife on earth. Street lamps and vehicle lights mark the night and become the ener getic strokes that reveal the beautiful impression of a cosmopolitan city. (Left) Joss paper . (Right) Awful Taoist conjuring trick Joss paper Paper offering is a common tradition in Hong Kong during funerals, festivals and special occasions to ensure the well being of the deceased and ancestor.Joss paper, also known as ghost money, a traditional handmade paper product, which is decorated with seals, stamps, engraved designs or other motifs. The type was created by the rich texture and quality of the ritual paper products with visual elements interacting with original strokes to blossom forth this cultural distinctiveness in a contemporary approach. Awful Taoist invocation The original meaning of the phrase means poor works of calligraphy that is difficult to read and understand. The design employs the traditional symbol of incantation and combines it with new online languages used by youngster nowadays.This is a good example showing the potential of bringing new life to ou r tradition peculiarly when we know that we are sharing the common language with our ancestors. (Left) Chinese comment Method (Right) RockN roll against the organisational system Chinese Input Method In modern digital world, unlike using roman alphabets, Chinese have to type in characters with different stimulant drug methods (Cangjie, Pinyin, Jianyi) They are dictated by the keyboard format and the graphic form of characters, both of which are unrelated to the original meaning of the characters.This design challenges the idea by creating the letterforms with keyboard radicals, and the results are semireadable, between alike and unlike. RockN roll against the organizational system All Chinese characters are the results of different composition with 8 basic strokes. This provides the possibility to decompose and recompose the strokes to generate new letterforms. This design decomposes the strokes of the words organizational system and recomposed into Rock & Roll in Chinese, so as to demonstrate the conflicts between the two forces. (Left) Suppression in Childhood Right) quarter of June Suppression in Childhood The big rectangular shape in Chinese character always conveys the meaning of trap, surround and block. The design employs this symbol as a metaphor of suppression in childhood where all letters written by the child is surrounded and blocked, no matter they are about study, games, toys, friends, examination, dreams, and etc. Fourth of June The design makes good use of the characteristic of Chinese characters that the combination of strokes is quite flexible and sometimes could be quite ambiguous.The words of Six and Four are mixed with nationalism and Riot intentionally to post a question Is 4th of June an firm action or a riot? 6. Conclusion If we see typography as a powerful tool of visual communication, the unique visual quality of Chinese typography could definitely empower the creativity of designers, and enrich the communicative va lue of text. Typography can do a lot more than just providing a comfortable and legible platform for message delivery.By creative manipulation of Chinese character, viewers can firstly look at the visuals at textual material, and then look through the visuals to discover the underlying concepts embedded inside with the clever correlation with culture and information. It can prepare readers by setting the right context and atmosphere, and enhance the meaning and impact of message. We have described our complete approach for Chinese typography training. Our philosophy of Chinese typography training has been proven effective to facilitate heritage concept and necessary information in typography design. video and text are the two major lements in visual communication. For Chinese typography, letterform composes both elements in an entity. With this unique communication quality, Chinese typography is a perfect medium to bridge the traditional Chinese cultural to the modern world of comm unication. Although it is no easy task for young generation to understand the knowledge in full, with our enthusiastic to embrace heritage and creativity into Chinese typography, students gradually develop and grow themselves from aesthetic appreciation and eventually sustain the cultural identity for Hong Kong. Footnotes 1. Kaogong ji sometimes translated as Book of diverse Crafts, is a classic work on science and technology in Ancient China, compiled towards the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. 2. Being pictographs, the graphic forms of characters are good for story telling and readers can guess the meaning of words by simply looking into the graphic forms. However Simplified Chinese Style drastically reduced total number of characters by trust words of similar pronunciation, and simplified the letterform by removing strokes, but the characters lost the quality of storytelling because they are not longer pictographs. . , ( ) 4. , , ( , 16421718) References Richard McKe on (1998) Selected Writings of Richard McKeon, Vol. 1, Philosophy, Science and Culture. McKeon, Zahava K. , and William G. Swenson, eds. University of Chicago Press. Kerry J. McGarry, (1981) The changing Context of Information An Introductory Analysis. Clive Bingley. Paul Rand (1985) A Designers Art, Yale University Press.

No comments:

Post a Comment